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Inventorying and Monitoring Wetland Condition and Restoration Potential on a Watershed Basis with Examples from Spring Creek Watershed, Pennsylvania, USA

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Abstract

We developed an approach for inventorying wetland resources, assessing their condition, and determining restoration potential in a watershed context. This article outlines how this approach can be developed into a Wetland Monitoring Matrix (WMM) that can help resource management agencies make regulatory and nonregulatory decisions. The WMM can be embedded in a standard planning process (Wetlands, Wildlife, and Watershed Assessment Techniques for Evaluation and Restoration, or W3ATER) involving the setting of objectives, assessing the condition of the resource, prioritizing watersheds or sites, implementing projects, and evaluating progress. To that process we have added the concepts of reference, hydrogeomorphic (HGM) classification, and prioritization for protection and restoration by triage or adaptive management. Three levels of effort are possible, increasing in detail and diagnostic reliability as data collection shifts from remote sensing to intensive sampling on the ground. Of key importance is the use of a consistent set of monitoring protocols for conducting condition assessments, designing restoration and creation projects, and evaluating the performance of mitigation projects; the same variables are measured regardless of the intended use of the data. This approach can be tailored to any region by establishing a reference set of wetlands organized by HGM subclasses, prioritizing watersheds and individual wetlands, and implementing consistent monitoring protocols. Application of the approach is illustrated with examples from wetlands and streams of the Spring Creek Watershed in central Pennsylvania, USA.

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Acknowledgments

This research has been supported by funding from the Office of Wetlands, Oceans, and Watersheds of the US EPA, through Cooperative Agreement No. X827157-01. Additional support was provided by the Penn State Cooperative Wetlands Center, which is administered jointly by the Penn State Institutes of the Environment and the Department of Geography of The Pennsylvania State University. The authors appreciate the contributions of L. Machung in the developmental stages of this work and the assistance of J. Bishop, K. Saacke-Blunk, and J. Rubbo in compiling landscape and site data. This work has benefited greatly from discussions with many employees of the US EPA, especially D. Vetter, M. Kentula, and R. Sumner. The thoughtful suggestions of three anonymous reviewers were appreciated.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Penn State Cooperative Wetlands Center, Department of Geography, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, 16802, USA

    Robert P. Brooks & Denice Heller Wardrop

  2. Center for Watershed Stewardship, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, 16802, USA

    Charles Andrew Cole

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  1. Robert P. Brooks
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  2. Denice Heller Wardrop
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  3. Charles Andrew Cole
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Correspondence to Robert P. Brooks.

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Brooks, R.P., Wardrop, D.H. & Cole, C.A. Inventorying and Monitoring Wetland Condition and Restoration Potential on a Watershed Basis with Examples from Spring Creek Watershed, Pennsylvania, USA. Environmental Management 38, 673–687 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-004-0389-y

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