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Individual differences in foraging behavior and cortisol levels in recently emerged brook charr (Salvelinus fontinalis)

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Abstract

Recently emerged brook charr (Salvelinus fontinalis) foraging in still-water pools along the sides of streams tend to be either sedentary, feeding from the lower portion of the water column (a sit-and-wait tactic), or very active, feeding from the upper portion of the water column (an active search tactic). We tested whether the individual differences in foraging behavior were associated with baseline concentrations and responses of cortisol, a steroid hormone linked to personality differences in a variety of animals including fishes. We quantified the proportion of time spent on moving by focal charr in the field and then capturing them. Captured individuals were either (i) sacrificed immediately to quantify baseline cortisol concentrations, (ii) held in an unfamiliar field environment for 15 min and then sacrificed to quantify cortisol concentrations in response to handling and holding in a novel field environment, or (iii) held in an unfamiliar field environment with a white Plexiglas base (stressor) for 15 min to quantify cortisol concentrations in response to a novel object. Eleven statistical models relating cortisol concentrations to the proportion of time individuals spent on moving while searching for prey were compared using multi-model inferencing. Cortisol concentrations were higher for charr that spent a lower proportion of time on moving in the field than for charr that spent a higher proportion of time on moving. For a given proportion of time spent on moving, mean cortisol concentrations between baseline and experimental treatments, our measure of cortisol response, did not differ markedly. Our findings suggest that the foraging tactics displayed by wild brook charr in the field could reflect differences in how individuals perceive their environment.

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Acknowledgments

We thank Dr. D.G. McDonald, Dr. F. Leri, R. Dr. Norris, E. Boulding, and two anonymous reviewers for their comments on earlier drafts of this manuscript, J. Zeyl for the assistance in the field and laboratory, R. Frank and M. Cornish for their technical support in Hagen Aqualab, and the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources (OMNR) for a permit to collect fish. This research was funded by the National Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (RLM and NJB), Canada Foundation for Innovation (RLM), and Ontario Innovation Trust (RLM).

Ethical standards

Our research was conducted in accordance with the Canadian Council on Animal Care guidelines on the care and use of fish in research, teaching, and testing and was approved by the University of Guelph Animal Care Committee (Animal Utilization Protocol no. 04R049).

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Author notes

  1. Michelle Farwell

    Present address: Department of Biological Sciences, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, N9B 3P4, Canada

  2. Megan L. M. Fuzzen

    Present address: Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada

    Michelle Farwell, Megan L. M. Fuzzen, Nicholas J. Bernier & Robert L. McLaughlin

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  1. Michelle Farwell
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  2. Megan L. M. Fuzzen
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Correspondence to Michelle Farwell.

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Communicated by D. P. Croft

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Farwell, M., Fuzzen, M.L.M., Bernier, N.J. et al. Individual differences in foraging behavior and cortisol levels in recently emerged brook charr (Salvelinus fontinalis). Behav Ecol Sociobiol 68, 781–790 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00265-014-1691-1

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