Abstract
Following disturbance, some aquatic prey species release chemicals that act as a warning cue and increase vigilance in nearby conspecifics. Such disturbance cues evoke consistent low intensity anti-predator responses. In contrast, alarm cues from injured conspecifics often evoke stronger intensity responses in prey animals. In this study, we test the sensory complement hypothesis, which suggests that multiple cues act in an additive or synergistic fashion to provide additional information for risk assessment by prey. In the first experiment, we showed that juvenile rainbow trout pre-exposed to disturbance cues respond to a given concentration of damage-released alarm cues with a higher intensity of response than the trout that were pre-exposed to cues from undisturbed conspecifics. The two cues acted in an additive fashion. In the second experiment, we demonstrated that disturbance cues alone were not enough to elicit a conditioned response to the odour of a novel predator. We also showed that while disturbance cues elicit an increase in the response of trout to alarm cues, this increase does not translate into a stronger learned response to the predator when the predator odour is paired with alarm cues. Future studies should take into account sensory complementation to avoid underestimating the responses of prey to predators.
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Acknowledgements
We wish to thank Antoine Leduc, Camille MacNaughton and Sabrina Lo for assistance in the laboratory. Financial support was provided by Concordia University, the University of Saskatchewan and Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada Discovery grants to G.E.B. and D.P.C. All work reported herein was conducted in accordance with Concordia University AREC protocol # BROW-2005.
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Ferrari, M.C.O., Vavrek, M.A., Elvidge, C.K. et al. Sensory complementation and the acquisition of predator recognition by salmonid fishes. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 63, 113–121 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00265-008-0641-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00265-008-0641-1