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Avascular necrosis of the femoral head: inter- and intraobserver variations of Ficat and ARCO classifications

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Abstract

Diagnosis of avascular necrosis (AVN) of the femoral head depends on the combination of clinical symptoms and evaluation of radiographs and/or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). To evaluate the evolution of AVN, the Ficat and the Association Research Circulation Osseous (ARCO) classification are commonly used to assess both imaging modalities. For comparison reasons, these classifications need to be reliable and reproducible to provide sufficient therapy options for the patient. Therefore, the aim of our study was to evaluate the interobserver reliability and the intraobserver reproducibility of these classifications. Patients with suspected AVN were examined using either radiographs or radiographs and MRI. The radiographs and/or MR images were reviewed initially and at 3 months by two general orthopaedic surgeons, two orthopaedic residents, and two general radiologists using the Ficat classification for radiographs and MR images as well as the ARCO classification for MR images only. In all, 38 patients (54 hips) were enrolled. There were 10 patients who presented with radiographs and 28 patients with radiographs and MR scans. Paired comparisons revealed a mean interobserver kappa reliability coefficient of 0.39 for the first and of 0.32 for the second review using the Ficat classification for radiographs, whereas for the MR images a mean of 0.39 in the first and of 0.34 in the second reading resulted. The MRI evaluation using the ARCO classification resulted in a mean interobserver reliability coefficient of 0.37 in the first and of 0.31 in the second reading. The mean kappa value for intraobserver reproducibility using the Ficat classification was 0.52 for radiographs and 0.50 for MR images, whereas a reproducibility of 0.43 resulted for the ARCO classification. This study showed poor interobserver reliability and fair intraobserver variability, diminishing any meaningful comparison of studies using the Ficat as well as the ARCO classification. Thus, the Ficat and ARCO staging systems are still not sufficient to reliably assess the status of AVN alone.

Résumé

Le diagnostic des nécroses vasculaires de la tête fémorale (AVN) dépend de l’analyse des signes cliniques et de l’évaluation des signes radiographiques ainsi que de l’IRM. Afin d’évaluer l’évolution de l’ostéonécrose de la hanche selon la classification de la Ficat et la classification ARCO, ces examens d’imagerie sont habituellement utilisés. Le but de notre étude est d’évaluer la fiabilité de ces différents paramètres inter et intra observateurs. Matériel et méthode : les patients suspects d’ostéonécrose de la hanche ont été examinés sur le plan radiographique et sur le plan IRM. Les radiographies et les images IRM ont été évaluées initialement trois mois après par deux chirurgiens orthopédistes, deux résidents en orthopédie et deux radiologues en utilisant la classification du Ficat et la classification ARCO pour les images IRM. Résultats : 38 patients (54 hanches) ont été inclus dans cette étude. 10 patients n’ont bénéficié que d’une radiographie et 28 patients d’une radiographie et d’un scanner. En inter observateur, la classification de Ficat montrait une fiabilité de 0.39 et de 0.32, les images en résonance magnétique montrant une fiabilité inter observateur de 0.39 et de 0.34. L’évaluation par l’IRM en utilisant la classification ARCO montrait une fiabilité inter observateur de 0.37 dans la première lecture et de 0.31 lors de la seconde lecture. La fiabilité intra observateur était de 0.52 en utilisant la classification de Ficat, de 0.50 pour le scanner et de 0.43 pour la classification ARCO. En conclusion : cette étude montre une fiabilité inter observateur faible, une bonne fiabilité intra observateur en utilisant la classification de Ficat et la classification ARCO. Cependant, les classifications ne sont pas suffisantes pour avoir une idée sûre du stade de la nécrose avasculaire.

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Acknowledgments

We cordially have to thank Ms. Andrea van Dyke for her substantial work regarding the evaluation of the radiographs and MRI data. The presented data form part of her doctoral thesis. Moreover we have to thank the Institute of Medical Biometry and Epidemiology of the Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich for their support regarding the statistical analysis.

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Correspondence to Marcus Schmitt-Sody.

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Schmitt-Sody, M., Kirchhoff, C., Mayer, W. et al. Avascular necrosis of the femoral head: inter- and intraobserver variations of Ficat and ARCO classifications. International Orthopaedics (SICO 32, 283–287 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00264-007-0320-2

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00264-007-0320-2

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