Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Epidemiology of Hodgkin's disease and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma

  • Published:
European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This review considers in detail the descriptive and aetiological epidemiology of Hodgkin's disease and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), with attention to histological subcategories when the literature allows. The aetiology of Hodgkin's disease remains only partially understood. There is evidence that Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) may be involved in the causation of some cases, and clinical immune deficiency is a risk factor for a few, but the evidence is not entirely consistent and other factors may also be important in causing the EBV-associated cases of Hodgkin's disease. The cause of EBV-unassociated cases remains obscure. For NHL, although it has been shown that some cases are related to immune deficiency and chronic antigenic stimulation, and especially to EBV in the context of immune deficiency, the causation of the majority of cases remains unknown. The increasing incidence of NHL, other than that related to AIDS, is also essentially unexplained. Epidemiological investigation of the aetiology of NHL and Hodgkin's disease is making steady progress, however, and there remain leads to be followed that may result in a better understanding and hence prevention.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1.
Fig. 2.

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. 1. The descriptive epidemiology particularly parallels that of paralytic polio for the nodular sclerosis subtype of Hodgkin's disease; the epidemiology of mixed cellularity tumours more closely resembles that of tuberculosis, with rates greater in people in lower socio-economic conditions and rising with age [11].

  2. 2. There is a substantial preponderance of male over female incidence of Hodgkin's disease in children [1], which would accord with the greater general susceptibility of boys than girls to infection [20].

References

  1. Swerdlow A, dos Santos Silva I, Doll R. Cancer incidence and mortality in England and Wales: trends and risk factors. Oxford University Press: Oxford, 2001.

  2. Levi F, Lucchini F, Negri E, Boyle P, La Vecchia C. Trends in mortality from Hodgkin's disease in western and eastern Europe. Br J Cancer 2002; 87:291–293.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Sant M, Capocaccia R, Coleman MP, Berrino F, Gatta G, Micheli A, Verdecchia A, Faivre J, Hakulinen T, Coebergh JWW, Martinez-Garcia C, Forman D, Zappone A, and the EUROCARE Working Group. Cancer survival increases in Europe, but international differences remain wide. Eur J Cancer 2001; 37:1659–1667.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. SEER. Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program Public-Use Data (1973–1999). National Cancer Institute, DCCPS, Surveillance Research Program, Cancer Statistics Branch., Released April 2002, based on the November 2001 submission. http://seer.cancer.gov/publicdata/. 2002.

  5. Pastore G, Magnani C, Verdecchia A, Pession A, Viscomi S, Coebergh JWW, and the EUROCARE Working Group. Survival of childhood lymphomas in Europe, 1978–1992: a report from the EUROCARE study. Eur J Cancer 2001; 37:703–710.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Banks PM. Changes in diagnosis of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas over time. Cancer Res 1992; 52:5453s–5455s.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Glaser SL, Swartz WG. Time trends in Hodgkin's disease incidence. The role of diagnostic accuracy. Cancer 1990; 66:2196–2204.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Martinsson U, Glimelius B, Sundström C. Lymphoma incidence in a Swedish county during 1969–1987. Acta Oncol 1992; 31:275–282.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Hasle H, Mellemgaard A. Hodgkin's disease diagnosed post mortem: a population based study. Br J Cancer 1993; 67:185–189.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Hjalgrim H, Askling J, Pukkala E, Hansen S, Munksgaard L, Frisch M. Incidence of Hodgkin's disease in Nordic countries. Lancet 2001; 358:297–298.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Cozen W, Katz J, Mack TM. Risk patterns of Hodgkin's disease in Los Angeles vary by cell type. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1992; 1:261–268.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Stiller CA What causes Hodgkin's disease in children? Eur J Cancer 1998; 34:523–528.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Correa P, O'Conor GT. Epidemiologic patterns of Hodgkin's disease. Int J Cancer 1971; 8:192–201.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. MacFarlane GJ, Evstifeeva T, Boyle P, Grufferman S. International patterns in the occurrence of Hodgkin's disease in children and young adult males. Int J Cancer 1995; 61:165–169.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Parkin DM, Whelan SL, Ferlay J, Raymond L, Young J, eds. Cancer incidence in five continents. Volume VII. IARC Scientific Publication No. 143. Lyon: IARC, 1997.

  16. Parkin DM, Kramárová E, Draper GJ, Masuyer E, Michaelis J, Neglia J, Qureshi S, Stiller CA, eds. International incidence of childhood cancer. Volume II, IARC Scientific Publication No. 144. Lyon: IARC, 1998.

  17. MacMahon B. Epidemiology of Hodgkin's disease. Cancer Res 1966; 26:1189–1200.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Gutensohn N, Cole P. Epidemiology of Hodgkin's disease in the young. Int J Cancer 1977; 19:595–604.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Gutensohn N, Cole P. Childhood social environment and Hodgkin's disease. N Engl J Med 1981; 304:135–140.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Westergaard T, Melbye M, Pedersen JB, Frisch M, Olsen JH, Andersen PK. Birth order, sibship size and risk of Hodgkin's disease in children and young adults: a population-based study of 31 million person-years. Int J Cancer 1997; 72:977–981.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Mueller NE, Grufferman S. The epidemiology of Hodgkin's disease. In: Mauch PM, Armitage JO, Diehl V, Hoppe RT, Weiss LM, eds. Hodgkin's disease. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 1999:61–77.

  22. Glaser SL, Clarke CA, Nugent RA, Stearns CB, Dorfman RF. Social class and risk of Hodgkin's disease in young-adult women in 1988–94. Int J Cancer 2002; 98:110–117.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Glaser SL, Clarke CA, Stearns CB, Dorfman RF. Age variation in Hodgkin's disease risk factors in older women: evidence from a population-based case-control study. Leuk Lymphoma 2001; 42:997–1004.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Hjalgrim H, Rostgaard K, Askling J, Madsen M, Storm HH, Rabkin CS, Melbye M. Hematopoietic and lymphatic cancers in relatives of patients with infectious mononucleosis. J Natl Cancer Inst 2002; 94:678–681.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Hjalgrim H, Askling J, Sørensen P, Madsen M, Rosdahl N, Storm HH, Hamilton-Dutoit S, Eriksen LS, Frisch M, Ekbom A, Melbye M. Risk of Hodgkin's disease and other cancers after infectious mononucleosis. J Natl Cancer Inst 2000; 92:1522–1528.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Sleckman BG, Mauch PM, Ambinder RF, Mann R, Pinkus GS, Kadin ME, Sherburne B, Perez-Atayde A, Thior I, Mueller N. Epstein-Barr virus in Hodgkin's disease: correlation of risk factors and disease characteristics with molecular evidence of viral infection. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1998; 7:1117–1121.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Alexander FE, Jarrett RF, Lawrence D, Armstrong AA, Freeland J, Gokhale DA, Kane E, Taylor GM, Wright DH, Cartwright RA. Risk factors for Hodgkin's disease by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) status: prior infection by EBV and other agents. Br J Cancer 2000; 82:1117–1121.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Glaser SL, Lin RJ, Stewart SL, Ambinder RF, Jarrett RF, Brousset P, Pallesen G, Gulley ML, Khan G, O'Grady J, Hummel M, Preciado MV, Knecht H, Chan JKC, Claviez A. Epstein-Barr virus-associated Hodgkin's disease: epidemiologic characteristics in international data. Int J Cancer 1997; 70:375–382.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Jarrett RF. Viruses and Hodgkin's lymphoma. Ann Oncol 2002; 13:23–29.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Flavell K, Constandinou C, Lowe D, Scott K, Newey C, Evans D, Dutton A, Simmons S, Smith R, Crocker J, Young LS, Murray P. Effect of material deprivation on Epstein-Barr virus infection in Hodgkin's disease in the West Midlands. Br J Cancer 1999; 80:604–608.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Flavell KJ, Biddulph JP, Powell JE, Parkes SE, Redfern D, Weinreb M, Nelson P, Mann JR, Young LS, Murray PG. South Asian ethnicity and material deprivation increase the risk of Epstein-Barr virus infection in childhood Hodgkin's disease. Br J Cancer 2001; 85:350–356.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Weinreb M, Day PJR, Niggli F, Powell JE, Raafat F, Hesseling PB, Schneider JW, Hartley PS, Tzortzatou-Stathopoulou F, Khalek ERA, Mangoud A, El-Safy UR, Madanat F, Al Sheyyab M, Mpofu C, Revesz T, Rafii R, Tiedemann K, Waters KD, Barrantes JC, Nyongo A, Riyat MS, Mann JR. The role of Epstein-Barr virus in Hodgkin's disease from different geographical areas. Arch Dis Child 1996; 74:27–31.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Goedert JJ. The epidemiology of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome malignancies. Semin Oncol 2000; 27:390–401.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Frisch M, Biggar RJ, Engels EA, Goedert JJ, for the AIDS–Cancer Match Registry Study Group. Association of cancer with AIDS-related immunosuppression in adults. JAMA 2001; 285:1736–1745.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Clarke CA, Glaser SL. Epidemiologic trends in HIV-associated lymphomas. Curr Opin Oncol 2001; 13:354–359.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Filipovich AH, Mathur A, Kamat D, Shapiro RS. Primary immunodeficiencies: genetic risk factors for lymphoma. Cancer Res 1992; S52:5465s–5467s.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Rowlings PA, Curtis RE, Passweg JR, Deeg HJ, Socié G, Travis LB, Kingma DW, Jaffe ES, Sobocinski KA, Horowitz MM. Increased incidence of Hodgkin's disease after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. J Clin Oncol 1999; 17:3122–3127.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Hoover R. Effects of drugs—immunosuppression. In: Hiatt HH, Watson JD, Winsten JA, eds. Origins of human cancer. Book A. Incidence of cancer in humans. Cold Spring Harbor: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory; 1977:369–379.

  39. Kinlen LJ, Sheil AGR, Peto J, Doll R. Collaborative United Kingdom-Australasian study of cancer in patients treated with immunosuppressive drugs. BMJ 1979; 2:1461–1466.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Sheil AGR, Disney APS, Mathew TG, Amiss N, Excell L. Malignancy following renal transplantation. Transplant Proc 1992; 24:1946–1947.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Hoshida Y, Tsukuma H, Yasunaga Y, Xu N, Fujita MQ, Satoh T, Ichikawa Y, Kurihara K, Imanishi M, Matsuno T, Aozasa K. Cancer risk after renal transplantation in Japan. Int J Cancer 1997; 71:517–520.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Birkeland SA, Storm HH, Lamm LU, Barlow L, Blohmé I, Forsberg B, Eklund B, Fjeldborg O, Friedberg M, Frödin L, Glattre E, Halvorsen S, Holm NV, Jakobsen A, Jørgensen HE, Ladefoged J, Lindholm T, Lundgren G, Pukkala E. Cancer risk after renal transplantation in the Nordic countries, 1964–1986. Int J Cancer 1995; 60:183–189.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Glaser SL. Reproductive factors in Hodgkin's disease in women: a review. Am J Epidemiol 1994; 139:237–246.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Kravdal O, Hansen S. Hodgkin's disease: the protective effect of childbearing. Int J Cancer 1993; 55:909–914.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. McCunney RJ. Hodgkin's disease, work, and the environment. A review. J Occup Environ Med 1999; 41:36–46.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Grufferman S, Davis MK, Ambinder RF, Shugart YY, Gilchrist GS, Brecher ML. A protective effect of breastfeeding on risk of Hodgkin's disease in children. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 1998; 12:A13.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Grufferman S, Cole P, Smith PG, Lukes RJ. Hodgkin's disease in siblings. N Engl J Med 1977; 296:248–250.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Mack TM, Cozen W, Shibata DK, Weiss LM, Nathwani BN, Hernandez AM, Taylor CR, Hamilton AS, Deapen DM, Rappaport EB. Concordance for Hodgkin's disease in identical twins suggesting genetic susceptibility to the young-adult form of the disease. N Engl J Med 1995; 332:413–418.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Easton D, Peto J. The contribution of inherited predisposition to cancer incidence. Cancer Surv 1990; 9:395–416.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Grufferman S, Barton JW III, Eby NL. Increased sex concordance of sibling pairs with Behçet's disease, Hodgkin's disease, multiple sclerosis, and sarcoidosis. Am J Epidemiol 1987; 126:365–369.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Swerdlow AJ, De Stavola BL, Maconochie N, Siskind V. A population-based study of cancer risk in twins: relationships to birth order and sexes of the twin pair. Int J Cancer 1996; 67:472–478.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Hartge P, Devesa SS, Fraumeni JFJr. Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. In: Doll R, Fraumeni JF Jr, Muir CS, eds. Trends in cancer incidence and mortality, 19–20. Cold Spring Harbor: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press; 1994:423–453.

  53. Gatter KC, Alcock C, Heryet A, Mason DY. Clinical importance of analysing malignant tumours of uncertain origin with immunohistological techniques. Lancet 1985; 1:1302–1305.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Clarke CA, Glaser SL. Changing incidence of non-Hodgkin lymphomas in the United States. Cancer 2002; 94:2015–2023.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Eltom MA, Jemal A, Mbulaiteye SM, Devesa SS, Biggar RJ. Trends in Kaposi's sarcoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma incidence in the United States from 1973 through 1998. J Natl Cancer Inst 2002; 94:1204–1210.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Olsen JH, Hahnemann JM, Børresen-Dale A-L, Brøndum-Nielsen K, Hammarström L, Kleinerman R, Kääräinen H, Lönnqvist T, Sankila R, Seersholm N, Tretli S, Yuen J, Boice JD Jr, Tucker M. Cancer in patients with ataxia-telangiectasia and in their relatives in the Nordic countries. J Natl Cancer Inst 2001; 93:121–127.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Kinlen LJ, Webster ADB, Bird AG, Haile R, Peto J, Soothill JF, Thompson RA. Prospective study of cancer in patients with hypogammaglobulinaemia. Lancet 1985; 1:263–266.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Cunningham-Rundles C, Siegal FP, Cunningham-Rundles S, Lieberman P. Incidence of cancer in 98 patients with common varied immunodeficiency. J Clin Immunol 1987; 7:294–299.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Opelz G, Henderson R, for the Collaborative Transplant Study. Incidence of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in kidney and heart transplant recipients. Lancet 1993; 342:1514–1516.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Curtis RE, Travis LB, Rowlings PA, Socié G, Kingma DW, Banks PM, Jaffe ES, Sale GE, Horowitz MM, Witherspoon RP, Shriner DA, Weisdorf DJ, Kolb HJ, Sullivan KM, Sobocinski KA, Gale RP, Hoover RN, Fraumeni JF Jr, Deeg HJ. Risk of lymphoproliferative disorders after bone marrow transplantation: a multi-institutional study. Blood 1999; 94:2208–2216.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Swerdlow AJ, Higgins CD, Hunt BJ, Thomas JA, Burke MM, Crawford DH, Yacoub MH. Risk of lymphoid neoplasia after cardiothoracic transplantation. A cohort study of the relation to Epstein-Barr virus. Transplantation 2000; 69:897–904.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Grulich AE, Wan X, Law MG, Milliken ST, Lewis CR, Garsia RJ, Gold J, Finlayson RJ, Cooper DA, Kaldor JM. B-cell stimulation and prolonged immune deficiency are risk factors for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in people with AIDS. AIDS 2000; 14:133–140.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Grulich AE. AIDS-associated non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1999; 21 Suppl 1:S27–S30.

    Google Scholar 

  64. Holly EA, Lele C. Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in HIV-positive and HIV-negative homosexual men in the San Francisco Bay Area. Allergies, prior medication use, and sexual practices. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 1997; 15:211–222.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Kinlen LJ, Eastwood JB, Kerr DNS, Moorhead JF, Oliver DO, Robinson BHB, de Wardener HE, Wing AJ. Cancer in patients receiving dialysis. BMJ 1980; 280:1401–1403.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Kendrick MA, Comstock GW. BCG vaccination and the subsequent development of cancer in humans. J Natl Cancer Inst 1981; 66:431–437.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Catassi C, Fabiani E, Corrao G, Barbato M, De Renzo A, Carella AM, Gabrielli A, Leoni P, Carroccio A, Baldassarre M, Bertolani P, Caramaschi P, Sozzi M, Guariso G, Volta U, Corazza GR. Risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in celiac disease. JAMA 2002; 287:1413–1419.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Holmes GKT, Prior P, Lane MR, Pope D, Allan RN. Malignancy in coeliac disease—effect of a gluten free diet. Gut 1989; 30:333–338.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Corrao G, Corazza GR, Bagnardi V, Brusco G, Ciacci C, Cottone M, Guidetti C.S., Usai P, Cesari P, Pelli MA, Loperfido S, Volta U, Calabró A, Certo M, for the Club del Tenne Study Group. Mortality in patients with coeliac disease and their relatives: a cohort study. Lancet 2001; 358:356–361.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Cerhan JR, Wallace RB, Folsom AR, Potter JD, Sellers TA, Zheng W, Lutz CT. Medical history risk factors for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in older women. J Natl Cancer Inst 1997; 89:314–318.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Hjalgrim H, Frisch M, Ekbom A, Kyvik KO, Melbye M, Green A. Cancer and diabetes—a follow-up study of two population-based cohorts of diabetic patients. J Intern Med 1997; 241:471–475.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Askling J, Ekbom A. Risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma following tuberculosis. Br J Cancer 2001; 84:113–115.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Zhang SM, Calle EE, Petrelli JM, Jacobs EJ, Thun MJ. Vitamin supplement use and fatal non-Hodgkin's lymphoma among US men and women. Am J Epidemiol 2001; 153:1064–1070.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Chiu BCH, Weisenburger DD, Cantor KP, Zahm SH, Holmes F, Burmeister LF, Blair A. Alcohol consumption, family history of hematolymphoproliferative cancer, and the risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in men. Ann Epidemiol 2002; 12:309–315.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Rothman N, Cantor KP, Blair A, Bush D, Brock JW, Helzlsouer K, Zahm SH, Needham LL, Pearson GR, Hoover RN, Comstock GW, Strickland PT. A nested case-control study of non-Hodgkin lymphoma and serum organochlorine residues. Lancet 1997; 350:240–244.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Mueller N, Mohar A, Evans A, Harris NL, Comstock GW, Jellum E, Magnus K, Orentreich N, Polk BF, Vogelman J. Epstein-Barr virus antibody patterns preceding the diagnosis of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Int J Cancer 1991; 49:387–393.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Herbst H, Niedobitek G, Kneba M, Hummel M, Finn T, Anagnostopoulos I, Bergholz M, Krieger G, Stein H. High incidence of Epstein-Barr virus genomes in Hodgkin's disease. Am J Pathol 1990; 137:13–18.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Cleghorn FR, Manns A, Falk R, Hartge P, Hanchard B, Jack N, Williams E, Jaffe E, White F, Bartholomew C, Blattner W. Effect of human T-lymphotropic virus type I infection on non-Hodgkin's lymphoma incidence. J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87:1009–1014.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Manns A, Hisada M, La Grenade L. Human T-lymphotropic virus type I infection. Lancet 1999; 353:1951–1958.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Wotherspoon AC. Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric lymphoma. Br Med Bull 1998; 54:79–85.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Vineis P, Crosignani P, Sacerdote C, Fontana A, Masala G, Miligi L, Nanni O, Ramazzotti V, Rodella S, Stagnaro E, Tumino R, Viganò C, Vindigni C, Costantini AS. Hematopoietic cancer and peptic ulcer: a multicenter case-control study. Carcinogenesis 1999; 20:1459–1463.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Parsonnet J, Hansen S, Rodriguez L, Gelb AB, Warnke RA, Jellum E, Orentreich N, Vogelman JH, Friedman GD. Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric lymphoma. N Engl J Med 1994; 330:1267–1271.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Swerdlow AJ, Barber JA, Vaughan Hudson G., Cunningham D, Gupta RK, Hancock BW, Horwich A, Lister TA, Linch DC. Risk of second malignancy after Hodgkin's disease in a collaborative British cohort: the relation to age at treatment. J Clin Oncol 2000; 18:498–509.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Swerdlow AJ, Douglas AJ, Vaughan Hudson G, Vaughan Hudson B, MacLennan KA. Risk of second primary cancer after Hodgkin's disease in patients in the British National Lymphoma Investigation: relationships to host factors, histology and stage of Hodgkin's disease, and splenectomy. Br J Cancer 1993; 68:1006–1011.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Kaldor JM, Day NE, Band P, Choi NW, Clarke EA, Coleman MP, Hakama M, Koch M, Langmark F, Neal FE, Pettersson F, Pompe-Kirn V, Prior P, Storm HH. Second malignancies following testicular cancer, ovarian cancer and Hodgkin's disease: an international collaborative study among cancer registries. Int J Cancer 1987; 39:571–585.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. National Radiological Protection Board. ELF electromagnetic fields and the risk of cancer. Report of an Advisory Group on Non-Ionising Radiation. Documents of the NRPB, vol 12, no.1. Chilton: NRPB, 2001.

  87. National Radiological Protection Board. Health effects from ultraviolet radiation. Report of an Advisory Group on Non-Ionising Radiation. Documents of the NRPB, vol 13, no. 1. Chilton: NRPB, 2002.

  88. Peach HG, Barnett NE. Critical review of epidemiological studies of the association between smoking and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Hematol Oncol 2001; 19:67–80.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Rabkin CS, Tess BH, Christianson RE, Wright WE, Waters DJ, Alter HJ, Berg BJ van den. Prospective study of hepatitis C viral infection as a risk factor for subsequent B-cell neoplasia. Blood 2002; 99:4240–4242.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Chow EJ, Holly EA. Blood transfusions as a risk factor for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in the San Francisco Bay Area: a population-based study. Am J Epidemiol 2002; 155:725–731.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Nelson RA, Levine AM, Bernstein L. Reproductive factors and risk of intermediate- or high-grade B-Cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in women. J Clin Oncol 2001; 19:1381–1387.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Holly EA, Lele C, Bracci PM, McGrath MS. Case-control study of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma among women and heterosexual men in the San Francisco Bay Area, California. Am J Epidemiol 1999; 150:375–389.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. McDuffie HH, Pahwa P, McLaughlin JR, Spinelli JJ, Fincham S, Dosman JA, Robson D, Skinnider LF, Choi NW. Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and specific pesticide exposures in men: cross-Canada study of pesticides and health. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2001; 10:1155–1163.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Zheng T, Zahm SH, Cantor KP, Weisenburger DD, Zhang Y, Blair A. Agricultural exposure to carbamate pesticides and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. J Occup Environ Med 2001; 43:641–649.

    Google Scholar 

  95. Schroeder JC, Olshan AF, Baric R, Dent GA, Weinberg CR, Yount B, Cerhan JR, Lynch CF, Schuman LM, Tolbert PE, Rothman N, Cantor KP, Blair A. Agricultural risk factors for t(14;18) subtypes of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Epidemiology 2001; 12:701–709.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Meinert R, Schüz J, Kaletsch U, Kaatsch P, Michaelis J. Leukemia and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in childhood and exposure to pesticides: results of a register-based case-control study in Germany. Am J Epidemiol 2000; 151:639–646.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Olshan AF, Daniels JL. Pesticides and childhood cancer. Am J Epidemiol 2000; 151:647–649.

    Google Scholar 

  98. Buckley JD, Meadows AT, Kadin ME, Le Beau MM, Siegel S, Robison LL. Pesticide exposures in children with non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Cancer 2000; 89:2315–2321.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Goldgar DE, Easton DF, Cannon-Albright LA, Skolnick MH. Systematic population-based assessment of cancer risk in first-degree relatives of cancer probands. J Natl Cancer Inst 1994; 86:1600–1608.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Zhu K, Levine RS, Gu Y, Brann EA, Hall I, Caplan LS, Baum MK. Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and family history of malignant tumors in a case-control study (United States). Cancer Causes Control 1998; 9:77–82.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Section of Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, Brookes Lawley Building, Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5NG, UK

    A. J. Swerdlow

Authors
  1. A. J. Swerdlow
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to A. J. Swerdlow.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Swerdlow, A.J. Epidemiology of Hodgkin's disease and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 30 (Suppl 1), S3–S12 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-003-1154-9

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-003-1154-9

Keywords

Search

Navigation