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Challenges and opportunities in producing high-quality edible mushrooms from lignocellulosic biomass in a small scale

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Abstract

Mushrooms are high-value products that can be produced from lignocellulosic biomass. Mushrooms are the fruiting body of fungi and are domestically cultivated using lignocellulosic biomass obtained from agricultural byproducts and woody biomass. A handful of edible mushroom species are commercially cultivated at small, medium, and large scales for culinary and medicinal use. Details about different lignocellulosic biomass and their composition that are commonly used to produce mushrooms are outlined in this review. In addition, discussions on four major processing steps (i) producing solid and liquid spawn, (ii) conventional and mechanized processing lignocellulosic biomass substrates to produce mushroom beds, (iii) maintaining growth conditions in climate-controlled rooms, and (iv) energy requirements and managements to produce mushrooms are also provided. The new processing methods and technology outlined in this review may allow mushrooms to be economically and sustainably produced at a small scale to satisfy the growing food needs and create rural jobs.

Key points

• Some of the challenges faced by small-scale mushroom growers are presented. This review is expected to stimulate more research to address the challenges.

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Acknowledgements

We would like to thank one of our BTEC undergraduate students, Anh Nguyen, for helping us format the references.

Funding

The work was supported by the United States Department of Agriculture (Grant No. G0505650), the University of Houston, Houston, TX, and the state of Texas.Weihang Zhu acknowledges the funding from University of Houston Advanced Manufacturing Institute, National Science Foundation grant #1855147 and #1950036, and US Department of Agriculture grant #13111855, and National Academy of Science grant #200011064.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Biotechnology Program, Department of Engineering Technology, College of Technology, University of Houston, Sugarland, TX, 77479, USA

    Venkatesh Balan, Hasan Husain & Artin Eskandari

  2. Mechanical Engineering Technology Program, Department of Engineering Technology, College of Technology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA

    Weihang Zhu

  3. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cullen College of Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA

    Harish Krishnamoorthy

  4. Computer Engineering Technology Program, Department of Engineering Technology, College of Technology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA

    Driss Benhaddou

  5. Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M AgriLife Extension, College Station, TX, 77843, USA

    Jake Mowrer

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  1. Venkatesh Balan
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Contributions

V.B. came with the concept, identified the team to contribute different topics. He structured the review and significantly contributed to the introduction and method of producing the fungal hyphae culture section. W.Z. contributed to the Methods of producing substrate beds section. H.K. contributed to the renewable energy for mushroom cultivation section. D.B. contributed to smart growth chambers and control system section. J.M. contributed to the lignocellulosic biomass substrate requirements section. H.H. drafted Figs. 1, 2, and Table 1. A.E. drafted Fig. 4 and organized the references.

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Correspondence to Venkatesh Balan.

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Balan, V., Zhu, W., Krishnamoorthy, H. et al. Challenges and opportunities in producing high-quality edible mushrooms from lignocellulosic biomass in a small scale. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 106, 1355–1374 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-021-11749-2

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