Abstract
Trichothecenes are sesquiterpene toxins produced by diverse fungi, including some species of Trichoderma that are potential plant disease biocontrol agents. Trichoderma arundinaceum produces the trichothecene harzianum A (HA), which consists of the core trichothecene structure (12,13-epoxytrichothec-9-ene, EPT) with a linear polyketide-derived substituent (octa-2,4,6-trienedioyl) esterified to an oxygen at carbon atom 4. The genes required for biosynthesis of EPT and the eight-carbon polyketide precursor of the octa-2,4,6-trienedioyl substituent, as well as for esterification of the substituent to EPT have been described. However, genes required for conversion of the polyketide (octa-2,4,6-trienoic acid) to octa-2,4,6-trienedioyl-CoA, the immediate precursor of the substituent, have not been described. Here, we identified 91 cytochrome P450 monooxygenase genes in the genome sequence of T. arundinaceum, and provided evidence from gene deletion, complementation, cross-culture feeding, and chemical analyses that one of them (tri23) is required for conversion of octa-2,4,6-trienoic acid to octa-2,4,6-trienedioyl-CoA. The gene was detected in other HA-producing Trichoderma species, but not in species of other fungal genera that produce trichothecenes with an octa-2,4,6-trienoic acid-derived substituent. These findings indicate that tri23 is a trichothecene biosynthetic gene unique to Trichoderma species, which in turn suggests that modification of octa-2,4,6-trienoic acid during trichothecene biosynthesis has evolved independently in some fungi.
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Acknowledgements
We thank Crystal Probyn, José Alvarez, Jennifer Teresi, Amy McGovern, and Christine Hodges for technical assistance.
Data Availability Statement
Sequences of the genomic regions containing tri18-tri17 and tri23 when present, from Trichoderma protrudens, T. turrialbense, T. albolutescens, and Hypocrea rodmanii, have been submitted to the GenBank database of the National Center for Biotechnology Information. The accession numbers for these sequences are as follows: MN136191 Hypocrea rodmanii, MN136192 T. albolutescens, MN136193 T. protrudens, and MN136194 T. turrialbense.
Genome sequences of T. arundinaceum and T. brevicompactum are available (Proctor et al. 2018).
Funding
This work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (MICINN-RTI2018-099600-B-100 to S.G.). Funding was also provided by the USDA-ARS National Program for Food Safety (NP108). L. Lindo was granted a fellowship by the University of León (Spain).
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Cardoza, R.E., McCormick, S.P., Lindo, L. et al. A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase gene required for biosynthesis of the trichothecene toxin harzianum A in Trichoderma. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 103, 8087–8103 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-019-10047-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-019-10047-2