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Entomotoxic and nematotoxic lectins and protease inhibitors from fungal fruiting bodies

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Abstract

Fruiting bodies or sporocarps of dikaryotic (ascomycetous and basidiomycetous) fungi, commonly referred to as mushrooms, are often rich in entomotoxic and nematotoxic proteins that include lectins and protease inhibitors. These protein toxins are thought to act as effectors of an innate defense system of mushrooms against animal predators including fungivorous insects and nematodes. In this review, we summarize current knowledge about the structures, target molecules, and regulation of the biosynthesis of the best characterized representatives of these fungal defense proteins, including galectins, beta-trefoil-type lectins, actinoporin-type lectins, beta-propeller-type lectins and beta-trefoil-type chimerolectins, as well as mycospin and mycocypin families of protease inhibitors. We also present an overview of the phylogenetic distribution of these proteins among a selection of fungal genomes and draw some conclusions about their evolution and physiological function. Finally, we present an outlook for future research directions in this field and their potential applications in medicine and crop protection.

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Acknowledgments

We would like to apologize to all the people whose work could not be cited due to space limitations of this review. We are grateful to Dr. Roger H. Pain for critical reading of the manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia

    Jerica Sabotič

  2. Department of Microbiology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands

    Robin A. Ohm

  3. Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog Weg 4, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland

    Markus Künzler

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  1. Jerica Sabotič
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  2. Robin A. Ohm
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  3. Markus Künzler
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Correspondence to Jerica Sabotič.

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The work of MK is supported by grants of the Swiss National Science Foundation (Grant No. 31003A_149512) and ETH Zürich (Grant No. ETH-34 11–2). The work of JS is supported by Slovenian Research Agency (Grant No. P4-0127).

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The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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Sabotič, J., Ohm, R.A. & Künzler, M. Entomotoxic and nematotoxic lectins and protease inhibitors from fungal fruiting bodies. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 100, 91–111 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-015-7075-2

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