Abstract
Yeast derivatives including yeast cell wall components are promising alternatives to antibiotics with respect to the promotion of health and performance in livestock, based on their capacity to bind enteropathogenic bacteria and to beneficially modulate the immune system. However, these mode(s) of action both in vitro and in vivo are still not well understood. Furthermore, standardization and reproducibility of in vitro techniques (microbiology, cell culture assays) are critical features for the application of yeast derivatives as well as for the proof of effectiveness. Yeast cell wall products are suggested as anti-adhesive agents and are thus proposed to prevent attachment of certain intestinal bacteria by providing alternative adhesion sites to enterobacteria, which contain mannose-specific type I fimbriae such as Escherichia coli or Salmonella spp. and which is well documented. Various in vitro assay techniques have become of paramount importance for biotechnological research since they allow for determination and quantification of potential mode(s) of action. However, in vitro assays may be criticized by product end users as not accurately reflecting in vivo responses. Pro and cons of different assays and their bias will be discussed specifically regarding yeast cell wall components and adhesion of enteropathogenic bacteria. Immunomodulation is a therapeutic approach intervening in auto-regulating processes of the defense system. Yeast derivatives such as beta-glucans are proposed to interact with cells of the innate immune system by receptor recognition. Controversial data in literature and mode(s) of action are reviewed and discussed here.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Applegate TJ (2009) Influence of phytogenics on the immunity of livestock and poultry. In: Steiner T (ed) Phytogenics in animal nutrition. Nottingham, Nottingham, pp 39–59
Applegate TJ, Klose V, Steiner T, Ganner A, Schatzmayr G (2010) Probiotics and phytogenics for poultry: myth or reality? J Appl Poultry Res 19:194–210
Baurhoo B, Phillip L, Ruiz-Feria CA (2007) Effects of purified lignin and mannan oligosaccharides on intestinal integrity and microbial populations in the ceca and litter of broiler chickens. Poultry Sci 86:1070–1078
Baurhoo B, Goldflus F, Zhao X (2009) Purified cell wall of Saccharomyces cerevisiae increases protection against intestinal pathogens in broiler chickens. Int J Poultry Sci 8:133–137
Becker PM (2005) Physiological Achilles’ heels of enteropathogenic bacteria in livestock. Curr Iss Intest Microbiol 6:31–54
Becker PM, Galletti S (2008) Food and feed components for gut health-promoting adhesion of E. coli and Salmonella enterica. J Sci Food Agr 88:2026–2035
Becker PM, Galletti S, Roubos-van den Hil PJ, van Wikselaar PG (2007) Validation of growth as measurand for bacterial adhesion to food and feed ingredients. J Appl Microbiol 103:2686–2696
Brown GD, Gordon S (2001) A new receptor for beta-glucans. Nature 413:36–37
Dinarello CA (1999) Interleukin-18. Methods: A Companion to Method Enzymol 19:121–132
Dinarello CA (2000) Interleukin-18, a proinflammatory cytokine. Eur Cytokine Netw 11:483–486
Elmadfa I, Leitzmann C (2000) Ernährung des Menschen. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart
Engstad RE, Robertsen B (1994) Specificity of a beta-glucan receptor on macrophages from Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Dev Comp Immunol 18:397–408
Ferket PR, Parks CW, Grimes JL (2002) Benefits of dietary antibiotic and mannanoligosaccharides supplementation for poultry. 22 Pages. In: Proc. Multi-State Poult. Feeding and Nutr. Conf., Indianapolis. 14–16, 2002
Firon N, Ofek I, Sharon N (1984) Carbohydrate-binding sites of the mannose-specific fimbrial lectins of enterobacteria. Infect Immun 43:1088–1090
Forstner JF, Forstner GG (1994) Gastrointestinal mucus. In: Johnson LR (ed) Physiology of the gastrointestinal tract. Raven, New York, pp 1255–1283
Fuller R (1989) Probiotics in man and animals. J Appl Bacteriol 66:365–378
Gallova L, Kubala L, Ciz M, Lojek A (2004) IL-10 does not affect oxidative burst and expression of selected surface antigen on human blood phagocytes in vitro. Physiol Res 53:199–208
Ganner A, Fink L, Schatzmayr G (2008) Quantitative in vitro assay to evaluate yeast products concerning their binding activity of enteropathogenic bacteria. J Anim Sci 86(E.suppl 2):54
Ganner A, Nitsch S, Erlacher K, Klimitsch A, Schatzmayer G (2010a) Ex vivo effect of yeast beta-glucan on lymphocyte viability and plasma IL-18 in weaning piglets. Livest Sci 133(1–3):246–248
Ganner A, Stoiber C, Wieder D, Schatzmayr G (2010b) Quantitative in vitro assay to evaluate the capability of yeast cell wall fractions from Trichosporon mycotoxinivorans to selectively bind gram negative pathogens. J Microbiol Meth 83:168–174
Gibson GR, Wang X (1994) Regulatory effects of bifidobacteria on the growth of other colonic bacteria. J Appl Bacteriol 77:412–420
Harmon BG (1998) Avian heterophils in inflammation and disease resistance. Poultry Sci 77:972–977
Huff GR, Fernell MB, Huff WE, Rath N, Solis de Santos F, Donoghue AM (2007) Effects of a dietary yeast extract on hematological parameters, heterophil function, and bacterial clearance in turkey poults challenged with Escherichia coli and subjected to transport stress. 16th European Symposium on Poultry Nutrition
Kataoka K, Muta T, Yamazaki S, Takeshige K (2002) Activation of macrophages by linear (1,3)-beta-d-glucans. Implications for the recognition of fungi by innate immunity. J Biol Chem 277:36825–36831
Klasing KC (2010) Is immunomodulation good? J Anim Sci 88(E-suppl2):559
Klis FM, Boorsma A, De Grot PWJ (2006) Cell wall construction in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Yeast 23:185–202
Kogan G, Kocher A (2007) Role of yeast cell wall polysaccharides in pig nutrition and health protection. Livest Sci 109:161–165
Kogut MH (2000) Cytokines and prevention of infectious diseases in poultry: a review. Avian Pathol 29:395–404
Kulicke WM, Lettau AI, Thielking H (1997) Correlation between immunological activity, molar mass, and molecular structure of different 1,3-beta-d-glucans. Carbohyd Res 297:135–143
Li J, Xing J, Li D, Xu W, Zhao L, Lv S, Huang D (2005) Effects of beta-glucan extracted from Saccharomyces cerevisiae on humoral and cellular immunity in weaned piglets. Arch Anim Nutr 59:303–312
Li J, Li DF, Xing JJ, Cheng ZB, Lai CH (2006) Effects of beta-glucan extracted from Saccharomyces cerevisiae on growth performance, and immunological and somatotropic responses of pigs challenged with Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide. J Anim Sci 84:2374–2381
Mao XF, Piao XS, Lai CH, Li DF, Xing JJ, Shi BL (2005) Effects of beta-glucan obtained from the Chinese herb Astragalus membranaceus and lipopolysaccharide challenge on performance, immunological, adrenal, and somatotropic responses of weanling pigs. J Anim Sci 83:2775–2782
Marteau PR, De Vrese M, Cellier CJ, Schrezenmeir J (2001) Protection from gastrointestinal diseases with the use of probiotics. Am J Clin Nutr 73
Miettinen M, Matikainen S, Vuopio-Varkila J, Pirhonen J, Varkila K, Kurimoto M, Julkunen I (1998) Lactobacilli and streptococci induce interleukin-12 (IL-12), IL-18, and gamma interferon production in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Infect Immun 66:6058–6062
Mirelman D, Altmann G, Eshdat Y (1980) Screening of bacterial isolates for mannose-specific lectin activity by agglutination of yeasts. J Clin Microbiol 11:328–331
Molnar O, Schatzmayr G, Fuchs E, Prillinger H (2004) Trichosporon mycotoxinivorans sp. nov., a new yeast species useful in biological detoxification of various mycotoxins. Syst Appl Microbiol 27:661–671
Mourao JL, Pinheiro V, Alves A, Guedes CM, Pinto L, Saavedra MJ, Spring P, Kocher A (2006) Effect of mannan oligosaccharides on the performance, intestinal morphology and cecal fermentation of fattening rabbits. Anim Feed Sci Tech 126:107–120
Much P, Pichler J, Allerberger F (2007) Food borne infectious outbreaks, Austria 2005. Wien Klin Wochenschr 119:150–157
Newman K (2006) Quantifying the efficacy of MOS. Feed Mix 14:2–4
Ofek I, Beachey EH (1978) Mannose binding and epithelial cell adherence of Escherichia coli. Infect Immun 22:247–254
Ofek I, Mirelman D, Sharon N (1977) Adherence of Escherichia coli to human mucosal cells mediated by mannose receptors. Nature 265:623–625
Ofek I, Hasty DL, Sharon N (2003) Anti-adhesion therapy of bacterial diseases: prospects and problems. FEMS Immunol Med Mic 38:181–191
Okazaki M, Adachi Y, Ohno N, Yadomae T (1995) Structure-activity relationship of beta-d-glucans in the induction of cytokine production from macrophages, in vitro. Biol Pharm Bull 18:1320–1327
Oyofo BA, Droleskey RE, Norman JO, Mollenhauer HH, Ziprin RL, Corrier DE, De Loach JR (1989) Inhibition by mannose of in vitro colonization of chicken small intestine by Salmonella typhimurium. Poultry Sci 68:1351–1356
Pelczar JM, Chan ECS, Krieg NR (1986) Microbiology, 5th edn. McGraw-Hill, Inc, New York, pp 687–700
Pie S, Lalles JP, Blazy F, Laffitte J, Seve B, Oswald IP (2004) Weaning is associated with an upregulation of expression of inflammatory cytokines in the intestine of piglets. J Nutr 134:641–647
Raa J (1996) The use of immunostimulatory substances in fish and shellfish farming. Rev Fish Sci 4:229–288
Reisinger N, Ganner A, Masching S, Schatzmayer G, Applegate TJ (2011) Efficacy of a yeast derivative on broiler performance, intestinal morphology and blood profile. Livest Sci 143(2–3):195–200
Saarela M, Crittenden R, Salminen S, Mattila-Sandholm T (2002) Gut bacteria and health foods—the European perspective. Int J Food Microbiol 78:99–117
Sharon N, Ofek I (2000) Safe as mother’s milk: carbohydrates as future anti-adhesion drugs for bacterial diseases. Glycoconj J 17:659–664
Shoaf-Sweeney KD, Hutkins RW (2008) Chapter 2 adherence, anti-adherence, and oligosaccharides. Preventing Pathogens from Sticking to the Host, 101–161
Smith JA (1994) Neutrophils, host defense, and inflammation: a double-edged sword. J Leukocyte Biol 56:672–686
Snellings NJ, Tall BD, Venkatesan MM (1997) Characterization of Shigella type 1 fimbriae: expression, FimA sequence, and phase variation. Infect Immun 65:2462–2467
Sokurenko EV, Courtney HS, Maslow J, Siitonen A, Hasty DL (1995) Quantitative differences in adhesiveness of type 1 fimbriated Escherichia coli due to structural differences in fimH genes. J Bacteriol 177:3680–3686
Solis De Los Santos F, Donoghue AM, Farnel MB, Huff GR, Huff WE, Donoghue DJ (2007) Gastrointestinal maturation is accelerated in turkey poults supplemented with a mannan-oligosaccharide yeast extract (Alphamune). Poultry Sci 86:921–930
Sonnenburg JL, Angenent LT, Gordon JI (2004) Getting a grip on things: how do communities of bacterial symbionts become established in our intestine? Nat Immunol 5:569–573
Spring P, Wenk C, Dawson KA, Newman KE (2000) The Effects of Dietary Mannanoligosaccharides on cecal parameters and the concentrations of enteric bacteria in the ceca of Salmonella-challenged broiler chicks. Poultry Sci 79:205–211
Stuyven E, Cox E, Vancaeneghem S, Arnouts S, Deprez P, Goddeeris BM (2009) Effect of beta-glucans on an ETEC infection in piglets. Vet Immunol Immunop 128:60–66
Terre M, Calvo MA, Adelantado C, Kocher A, Bach A (2007) Effects of mannan oligosaccharides on performance and microorganism fecal counts of calves following an enhanced-growth feeding program. Anim Feed Sci Tech 137:115–125
Tsukada C, Yokoyama H, Miyaji C, Ishimoto Y, Kawamura H, Abo T (2003) Immunopotentiation of intraepithelial lymphocytes in the intestine by oral administrations of beta-glucan. Cell Immunol 221:1–5
Vimal DB, Khullar M, Gupta S, Ganguly NK (2000) Intestinal mucins: the binding sites for Salmonella typhimurium. Mol Cell Biochem 204:107–117
Volman JJ, Ramakers JD, Plat J (2008) Dietary modulation of immune function by beta-d-glucans. Physiol Behav 94:276–284
Walker GM (2000) Yeast physiology and biotechnology. Wiley, Chichester
Xia X, Vetvicka V, Yan J, Hanikkyrova M, Mayadas T, Ross GD (1999) The beta-glucan-binding lectin site of mouse CR3 (CD11b/CD18) and its function in generating a primed state of the receptor that mediates cytotoxic activation in response to iC3b-opsonized target cells. J Immunol 162:2281–2290
Yadomae T (2000) Structure and biological activities of fungal beta-glucans. Yakugaku Zasshi 120:413–431
Yang Y, Iji PA, Kocher A, Mikkelsen LL, Choct M (2008) Effects of mannanoligosaccharide and fructooligosaccharide on the response of broilers to pathogenic Escherichia coli challenge. Brit Poultry Sci 49:550–559
Zopf D, Roth S (1996) Oligosaccharide anti-infective agents. Lancet 347:1017–1021
Acknowledgments
I would like to thank Dietmar Haltrich for critically reading the manuscript and for his excellent and kind support.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ganner, A., Schatzmayr, G. Capability of yeast derivatives to adhere enteropathogenic bacteria and to modulate cells of the innate immune system. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 95, 289–297 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-012-4140-y
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-012-4140-y