Abstract
A laboratory-scale rotating biological contactor (RBC) reactor with immobilized fungal biomass of Phanerochaete chrysosporium was investigated for its performance in decolourizing synthetic wastewater containing single or mixture of azo dyes, Direct Red-80 (DR-80) and Mordant Blue-9 (MB-9). Decolourization efficiency in the continuously operated bioreactor was studied by varying dye inlet concentration and disc rotation speed at two different wastewater hydraulic retention times (HRTs), i.e. 24and 48 h. Results from the single dye-containing experiments showed that the system could completely decolourize the wastewater for a maximum inlet dye concentration within the range 25–200 mg L−1 and 48 h HRT in the reactor; for an inlet dye concentration above 200 mg L−1, the decolourization efficiency slightly reduced up to 85% for the same HRT. However, wastewater containing DR-80 was found to be decolourized more efficiently compared to that containing MB-9. Further, the effect of increase in the disc rotation speed from 2 to 6 rpm in the study revealed no large differences in the decolourization efficiencies of the wastewaters. Similar results were obtained with wastewater containing the dyes together at various concentration combinations as per the two-level factorial design of experiments. Enzyme activities of lignin peroxidase and manganese peroxidase by the fungus were also analysed in the study, and the results indicated that while DR-80 showed a large negative effect on both the enzymes, MB-9 affected mainly the MnP activity by the fungus.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Axelsson J, Nilsson U, Terrazas E, Aliaga TA, Welander U (2006) Decolorization of the textile dyes reactive red 2 and reactive blue 4 using Bjerkandera sp. Strain BOL 13. Enzyme Microb Technol 39:32–37
Cajthaml T, Kresinová Z, Svobodová K, Möder M (2009) Biodegradation of endocrine-disrupting compounds and suppression of estrogenic activity by ligninolytic fungi. Chemosphere 75:745–750
Chen BY (2002) Understanding decolorization characteristics of reactive azo dyes by Pseudomonas luteola: toxicity and kinetics. Process Biochem 38:437–446
Chen BY, Chen SY, Lin MY, Chang JS (2005) Immobilized cell fixed-bed bioreactor for waste water decolorization. Process Biochem 40:3434–3440
Dinc E, Palabıyık IM, Stundag OU, Yurtsever F, Onur F (2002) Simultaneous spectrophotometric determination of chlorphenoxamine hydrochloride and caffeine in pharmaceutical preparation using first derivative of the ratio spectra and chemometric methods. J Pharm Biomed Anal 28:591–600
Elisangela F, Andrea Z, Fabio DG, Cristiano RM, Regina DL, Artur CP (2009) Biodegradation of textile azo dyes by a facultative Staphylococcus arlettae strain VN-11 using a sequential microaerophilic/aerobic process. Int Biodeterior Biodegradation 63:280–288
Fujita M, Era A, Ike M, Soda S, Miyata N, Hirao T (2000) Decolorization of heat-treatment liquor of waste sludge by a bioreactor using polyurethane foam-immobilized white rot fungus equipped with an ultramembrane filtration unit. J Biosci Bioeng 90:387–394
Gold MH, Wariishi H, Valli K (1989) Extracellular peroxidases involved in lignin degradation by the white rot basidiomycete Phanerochaete chrysosponium. ACS Symp Ser 389:127–140
Kapdan IK, Kargi F (2002) Biological decolorization of textile dyestuff containing wastewater by Coriolus versicolor in a rotating biological contactor. Enzyme Microb Technol 30:195–199
Kapdan IK, Kargi F, McMullan G, Marchant R (2000) Effect of environmental conditions on biological decolorization of textile dyestuff by Coriolus versicolor. Enzyme Microb Technol 26:381–387
Karim K, Gupta SK (2001) Biotransformation of nitrophenols in upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactors. Bioresour Technol 80:179–186
Kaushik P, Malik A (2009) Fungal dye decolourization: recent advances and future potential. Environ Int 35:127–141
Khushoo A, Pal Y, Mukherjee KJ (2005) Optimization of extracellular production of recombinant asparaginase in Escherichia coli in shake-flask and bioreactor. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 68:189–197
Kirk TK, Farrell RL (1987) Enzymatic combustion: the microbial degradation of lignin. Annu Rev Microbiol 41:465–505
Kotterman MJ, Wasseveld RA, Field JA (1996) Hydrogen peroxide production as a limiting factor in xenobiotic compound oxidation by nitrogen-sufficient cultures of Bjerkandera sp. strain BOS55 overproducing peroxidases. Appl Environ Microbiol 62:880–885
Kumar S, Pakshirajan K, Dasu VV (2009) Development of medium for enhanced production of glutaminase-free l-asparaginase from Pectobacterium carotovorum MTCC 1428. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 84:477–486
Linko S, Haapala R (1993) A critical study of lignin peroxidase activity assay by veratryl alcohol oxidation. Biotechnol Tech 7:75–80
Montgomery DC (2004) Design and analysis of experiments, 6th edn. Wiley, New York
Nevado JB, Flores JR, Llerena MJV, Farinas NR (1999) Simultaneous spectrophotometric determination of tartrazine, patent blue V, and indigo carmine in commercial products by partial least squares and principal component regression methods. Talanta 48:895–903
Novotny C, Svobodova K, Erbanova P, Cajthaml T, Kasinath A, Lang E, Sasek V (2004) Ligninolytic fungi in bioremediation: extracellular enzyme production and degradation rate. Soil Biol Biochem 36:1545–1551
O'Neill C, Hawkes FR, Hawkes DL, Lourenco ND, Pinheiro HM, Delee W (1999) Colour in textile effluents-sources, measurement, discharge consents and simulation: a review. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 74:1009–1018
Ohkuma M, Johjima T (2001) Lignin degradation and roles of white rot fungi: study on an efficient symbiotic system in fungus-growing termites and its application to bioremediation. RIKEN Rev Foc Econ Sci Res 42:39–42
Paszczynski A, Crawford RL (1991) Degradation of azo compounds by ligninase from Phanerochaete chrysosporium: involvement of veratryl alcohol. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 178:1056–1063
Saratale RG, Saratale GD, Kalyani DC, Chang JS, Govindwar SP (2009) Enhanced decolorization and biodegradation of textile azo dye Scarlet R by using developed microbial consortium-GR. Bioresour Technol 100:2493–2500
Saravanan P, Pakshirajan K, Saha P (2009) Treatment of phenolics containing synthetic wastewater in an internal loop airlift bioreactor (ILALR) using indigenous mixed strain of Pseudomonas sp. under continuous mode of operation. Bioresour Technol 100:4111–4116
Singh S, Pakshirajan K (2010) Enzyme activities and decolourization of single and mixed azo dyes by the white rot-fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Int Biodeterior Biodegradation 64:146–150
Tien M, Kirk TK (1983) Lignin peroxidase of Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Meth Enzymol 161:238–249
Wariishi H, Valli K, Gold MH (1992) Manganese (II) oxidation by manganese peroxidase from the basidiomycete Phanerochaete chrysosporium: kinetic mechanism and role of chelators. J Biol Chem 267:23688–23695
Yamaguchi T, Isida M, Suzuki T (1999) Biodegradation of hydrocarbon by prototheca zopfii in rotating biological contractors. Process Biochem 35:403–409
Yu G, Wen X, Li R, Qian Y (2006) In vitro degradation of a reactive azo dye by crude ligninolytic enzymes from nonimmersed liquid culture of Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Process Biochem 41:1987–1993
Acknowledgements
The authors acknowledge with thanks the funding received from the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), India, under scheme no. 38(1171)/07/EMR-II for executing this research work.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Pakshirajan, K., Sivasankar, A. & Sahoo, N.K. Decolourization of synthetic wastewater containing azo dyes by immobilized Phanerochaete chrysosporium in a continuously operated RBC reactor. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 89, 1223–1232 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-010-2906-7
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-010-2906-7