Skip to main content
Log in

Occurrence, properties, and applications of feruloyl esterases

  • Mini-Review
  • Published:
Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Feruloyl esterases hydrolyze the ester linkages of ferulic and diferulic acids present in plant cell walls. This interesting group of enzymes also has a potentially broad range of applications in the pharmaceutical and agri-food industries. An overview of the current knowledge of fungal feruloyl esterases focusing on the diverse of substrate specificity and potential applications is presented in this review. Furthermore, biological functions of ferulic acid are discussed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Ardiansyah, Shirakawa H, Koseki T, Komai M (2008) Novel effects of a single administration of ferulic acid on the regulation of blood pressure and the hepatic lipid metabolic profile in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Agric Food Chem 56:2825–2830

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bartolomé B, Faulds CB, Kroon PA, Waldron K, Gilbert HJ, Hazlewood G, Wiiliamson G (1997) An Aspergillus niger esterase (ferulic acid esterase III) and a recombinant Pseudomonas fluorescens subsp. cellulosa esterase (XylD) release a 5–5′ ferulic dehydrodimer (diferulic acid) from barley and wheat cell walls. Appl Environ Microbiol 63:208–212

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Benoit I, Navarro D, Marnet N, Rakotomanomana N, Lesage-Meessen L, Sigoillot J-C, Asther M (2006) Feruloyl esterases as a tool for the release of phenolic compounds from agro-industrial by-products. Carbohydr Res 341:1820–1827

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Benoit I, Danchin EGJ, Bleichrodt RJ, de Vries RP (2008) Biotechnological applications and potential of fungal feruloyl esterases based on prevalence, classification and biochemical diversity. Biotechnol Lett 30:387–396

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blum DL, Kataeva IA, Li XL, Ljungdahl LG (2000) Feruloyl esterase activity of the Clostridium thermocellum cellulosome can be attributed to previously unknown domains of XynY and XynZ. J Bacteriol 182:1346–1351

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Borneman WS, Ljungdahl LG, Hartley RD, Akin DE (1991) Isolation and partial characterization of p-coumaroyl esterase from the anaerobic fungus Neocallimastix strain MC-2. Appl Environ Microbiol 57:2337–2344

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Borneman WS, Ljungdahl LG, Hartley RD, Akin DE (1992) Purification and partial characterization of two feruloyl esterases from the anaerobic fungus Neocallimastix strain MC-2. Appl Environ Microbiol 58:3762–3766

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bourne Y, Hasper AA, Chahinian H, Juin M, de Graaff LH, Marchot P (2004) Aspergillus niger protein EstA defines a new class of fungal esterases within α/β hydrolase fold superfamily of proteins. Structure 12:677–687

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Colquhoun U, Ralet MC, Thibault JF, Faulds CB, Williamson G (1994) Feruloylated oligosaccharides from cell wall polysaccharides. Part II: Structure and identification of feruloylated oligosaccharides from sugar beet pulp by NMR spectroscopy. Carbohydr Res 263:243–256

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Crepin VF, Faulds CB, Connerton IF (2003a) A non-modular type B feruloyl esterase from Neurospora crassa exhibits concentration-dependent substrate inhibition. Biochem J 370:417–427

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Crepin VF, Faulds CB, Connerton IF (2003b) Production and characterization of the Talaromyces stipitatus feruloyl esterase FaeC in Pichia pastoris: identification of the nucleophilic serine. Protein Expr Purifi 29:176–184

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Crepin VF, Faulds CB, Connerton IF (2004a) Identification of a type-D feruloyl esterase from Neurospora crassa. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 63:567–570

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Crepin VF, Faulds CB, Connerton IF (2004b) Functional classification of the microbial feruloyl esterases. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 63:647–652

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • de Vries RP, Visser J (1999) Regulation of the feruloyl esterase (faeA) gene from Aspergillus niger. Appl Environ Microbiol 65:5500–5503

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • de Vries RP, Michelsen B, Poulsen CH, Kroon PA, van den Heuvel RH, Faulds CB, Williamson G, van den Hombergh JP, Visser J (1997) The faeA genes from Aspergilus niger and Aspergillus tubingesis encode ferulic acid esterases involved in degradation of complex cell wall polysaccharides. Appl Environ Microbiol 63:4638–4644

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • de Vries RP, van Kuyk PA, Kester HCM, Visser J (2002) The Aspergillus niger faeB gene encodes a second feruloyl esterase involved in pectin and xylan degradation and is specifically induced in the presence of aromatic compounds. Biochem J 363:377–386

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Donaghy J, McKay AM (1995) Production of feruloyl/p-coumaroyl esterase activity by Penicillium expansum, Penicillium brevicompactum and Aspergillus niger. J Appl Bacteriol 79:657–662

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Donaghy J, McKay AM (1997) Purification and characterisation of a feruloyl esterase from the fungus Penicillium expansum. J Appl Microbiol 83:718–726

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Farrell AE, Plevin RJ, Turner BT, Jones AD, O'Hare M, Kammen DM (2006) Ethanol can contribute to energy and environmental goals. Science 311(5760):506–508

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Faulds CB, Williamson G (1993) Ferulic acid esterase from Aspergillus niger: purification and partial characterization of two forms from a commercial source of pectinase. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 17:349–359

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Faulds CB, Williamson G (1994) Purification and characterization of a ferulic acid esterase (FAE-III) from Aspergillus niger: specificity for the phenolic moiety and binding to microcrystalline cellulose. Microbiology 140:779–787

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Faulds CB, de Vries RP, Kroon PA, Visser J, Williamson G (1997) Influence of ferulic acid on the production of feruloyl esterase by Aspergillus niger. FEMS Microbiol Lett 157:239–244

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ferreira LMA, Wood TM, Williamson G, Faulds CB, Hazlewood G, Gilbert HJ (1993) A modular esterase from Pseudomonas fluorescens subsp. cellulosa contains a non-catalytic binding domain. Biochem J 294:349–355

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Fillingham IJ, Kroon PA, Williamson G, Gilbert HJ, Hazlewood GP (1999) A modular cinnamoyl ester hydrolase from the anaerobic fungus Piromyces equi acts synergistically with xylanase and is part of a multiprotein cellulose-binding cellulose-hemicellulose complex. Biochem J 343:215–224

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Fry SC (1986) Cross-linking matrix polymers in the growing cell walls of angiosperms. Annu Rev Plant Physiol 37:165–186

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Garcia-Conesa MT, Crepin VF, Goldson AJ, Williamson G, Cummings NJ, Connerton IF, Faulds CB, Kroon PA (2004) The feruloyl esterase system of Talaromyces stipitatus: production of three discrete feruloyl esterases, including a novel enzyme, TsFaeC, with a broad substrate specificity. J Biotechnol 108:227–241

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grabber JH, Ralph J, Hatfield RD (1998) Ferulate cross-links limit the enzymatic degradation of synthetically lignified primary walls of maize. J Agric Food Chem 46:2609–2614

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guglielmetti S, de Noni I, Caracciolo F, Molinari F, Parini C, Mora D (2008) Bacterial cinnamoyl esterase activity screening for the production of a novel functional food product. Appl Environ Microbiol 74:1284–1288

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harhangi HR, Akhmanova A, Steenbakkers PJM, Jetten MSM, van de Drift C, Op den Camp HJM (2003) Genomic DNA analysis of genes encoding (hemi-)cellulolytic enzymes of the anaerobic fungus Piromyces sp. E2. Gene 314:73–80

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hermoso JA, Sanz-Aparicio J, Molina R, Juge N, Gonzalez R, Faulds CB (2004) The crystal structure of feruloyl esterase A from Aspergillus niger suggests evolutive functional convergence in feruloyl esterase family. J Mol Biol 338:494–506

    Google Scholar 

  • Iiyama K, Lam TBT, Stone BA (1994) Covalent cross-links in the cell wall. Plant Physiol 104:315–320

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ishii T (1991) Isolation and characterization of a diferuloyl arabinoxylan hexasaccharides from bamboo shoot cell-walls. Carbohydr Res 219:15–22

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ishii T (1997) Structure and functions of feruloylated polysaccharides. Plant Sci 127:111–127

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kamisaka S, Takeda S, Takahashi K, Shibuya K (1990) Diferulic and ferulic acid in the plant cell wall of Avena coleoptiles—their relationship to mechanical properties of the cell wall. Physiol Plant 78:1–7

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koseki T, Ito Y, Furuse S, Ito K, Iwano K (1996) Conversion of ferulic acid into 4-vinylguaiacol, vanillin and vanillic acid in model solutions of shochu. J Ferment Bioeng 82:46–50

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koseki T, Furuse S, Iwano K, Matsuzawa H (1998) Purification and characterization of a feruloyl esterase from Aspergillus awamori. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 62:2032–2034

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koseki T, Takahashi K, Fushinobu S, Iefuji H, Iwano K, Hashizume K, Matsuzawa H (2005) Mutational analysis of a feruloyl esterase from Aspergillus awamori involved in substrate discrimination and pH dependence. Biochim Biophys Acta 1722:200–208

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koseki T, Mimasaka N, Hashizume K, Shiono Y, Murayama T (2007) Stimulatory effect of ferulic acid on the production of extracellular xylanolytic enzymes by Aspergillus kawachii. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 71:1785–1787

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koseki T, Hori A, Seki S, Murayama T, Shiono Y (2009) Characterization of two distinct feruloyl esterases, AoFaeB and AoFaeC, from Aspergillus oryzae. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 83:689–696

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kroon PA, Faulds CB, Williamson G (1996) Purification and characterization of a novel esterase induced by growth of Aspergillus niger on sugar-beet pulp. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 23:255–262

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kroon PA, Garcia-Conesa MT, Fillingham IJ, Hazlewood GP, Williamson G (1999) Release of ferulic acid dehydrogimers from plant cell walls by feruloyl esterases. J Sci Food Agric 79:428–434

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kroon PA, Williamson G, Fish NM, Archer DB, Belshaw NJ (2000) A modular esterase from Penicillium funiculosum which releases ferulic acid from plant cell walls and binds crystalline cellulose contains a carbohydrate binding module. Eur J Biochem 267:6740–6752

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lafay S, Gil-Izquierdo A, Manach C, Morand C, Besson C, Scalbert A (2006) Chlorogenic acid is absorbed in its intact form in the stomach of rats. J Nutr 136:1192–1197

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lequart C, Nuzillard JM, Kurek B, Debeire P (1999) Hydrolysis of wheat bran and straw by an endoxylanase: production and structural characterization of cinnamoly-oligosaccharides. Carbohydr Res 319:102–111

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lesage-Meessen L, Delattre M, Haon M, Thibault JF, Ceccaldi BC, Brunerie P, Asther M (1996) A two-step bioconversion process for vanillin production from ferulic acid combining Aspergillus niger and Pycnoporus cinnabarinus. J Biotechnol 50:107–113

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Levasseur A, Benoit I, Asther M, Asther M, Record E (2004a) Homologous expression of the feruloyl esterase B gene from Aspergillus niger and characterization of the recombinant enzyme. Protein Expr Purif 37:126–133

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Levasseur A, Pagès S, Fierobe HP, Navarro D, Punt P, Belaïch JP, Asther M, Record E (2004b) Design and production in Aspergillus niger of a chimeric protein associating a fungal feruloyl esterase and a clostridial dockerin domain. Appl Environ Microbiol 70:6984–6991

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Levasseur A, Navarro D, Punt PJ, Belaïch JP, Asther M, Record E (2005) Construction of engineered bifunctional enzymes and their overproduction in Aspergillus niger for improved enzymatic tools to degrade agricultural by-products. Appl Environ Microbiol 71:8132–8140

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Levasseur A, Saloheimo M, Navarro D, Andberg M, Monot F, Nakari-Setälä T, Asther M, Record E (2006) Poduction of a chimeric enzyme tool associating the Trichoderma reesei swollenin with the Aspergillus niger feruloyl esterase A for release of ferulic acid. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 73:872–880

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • MacAdam JW, Grabber JH (2002) Relationship of growth cessation with the formation of diferulate cross-links and p-coumaroylated lignins in tall fescue leaf blades. Planta 215:785–793

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • MacKenzie CR, Bilous D (1988) Ferulic acid esterase activity from Schizophyllum commune. Appl Environ Microbiol 54:1170–1173

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Mathew S, Abraham TE (2004) Ferulic acid: an antioxidant found naturally in plant cell walls and feruloyl esterases involved in its release and their applications. Crit Rev Biotechnol 24:59–83

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McAuley K, Svendsen A, Patkar SA, Wilson KS (2004) Structure of a feruloyl esterase from Aspergillus niger. Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr 60:878–887

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McCrae SI, Leith KM, Gordon AH, Wood TM (1994) Xylan-degrading enzyme system produced by the fungus Aspergillus awamori: isolation and characterization of a feruloyl esterase and a p-coumaroyl esterase. Enzyme Microbial Technol 16:826–834

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Micard V, Renard CMGC, Colquhoun IJ, Thibault JF (1997a) End-products of enzymic saccharification of beet pulp, with a special attention to feruloylated oligosaccharides. Carbohydr Polym 32:283–292

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Micard V, Grabber JH, Ralph J, Renard CMGC, Thibault JT (1997b) Dehydrodiferulic acids from sugar-beet pulp. Phytochemistry 44:1365–1368

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moukouli M, Topakas E, Christakopoulos P (2008) Cloning, characterization and functional expression of an alkalitorelant type C feruloyl esterase from Fusarium oxysporum. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 79:245–254

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mueller-Harvey I, Hartley RD, Harris J, Curzon EH (1986) Linkage of p-coumaroyl feruloyl groups to cell-wall polysaccharides of barley straw. Carbohydr Res 148:71–85

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nardini M, Dijkstra BW (1999) α/β Hydrolase fold enzymes: the family keeps growing. Curr Opin Struct Biol 9:732–737

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Oddou J, Stentelaire C, Lesage-Meesen L, Asther M, Ceccaldi BC (1999) Improvement of ferulic acid bioconversion into vanillin by use of high-density cultures of Pycnoporus cinnabarinus. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 53:1–6

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Prates JAM, Tarbouriech N, Charnock SJ, Fontes CMGA, Ferreira LMA, Davies GJ (2001) The structure of the feruloyl esterase module of xylanase 10B from Clostridium thermocellum provides insights into substrate recognition. Structure 9:1183–1190

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Puchart V, Vršanská M, Mastihubová M, Topakas E, Vafiadi C, Faulds CB, Tenkanen M, Christakopoulos P, Biely P (2007) Substrate and positional specificity of feruloyl esterases for monoferuloylated and monoacetylated 4-nitrophenyl glycoside. J. Biotechnol 127:235–243

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Record E, Asther M, Sigoillot C, Pagès S, Punt PJ, Delattre M, Haon M, van den Hondel CAMJJ, Sigoillot J-C, Lesage-Meessen L, Asther M (2003) Overproduction of the Aspergillus niger feruloyl esterase for pulp bleaching application. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 62:349–355

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rumbold K, Biely P, Mastihubova M, Gudelj M, Guebitz G, Robra KH, Prior BA (2003) Purifiction and properties of a feruloyl esterase involved in lignocellulose degradation by Aureobasidium pullulans. Appl Environ Microbiol 69:5622–5626

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sakamoto T, Nishimura S, Kato T, Sunagawa Y, Tsuchiyama M, Kawasaki H (2005) Efficient extraction of ferulic acid from sugar beet pulp using the culture supernatant of Penicillium chrysogenum. J Appl Glycosci 52:115–120

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saulnier L, Thibault JF (1999) Ferulic acid and diferulic acid as components of sugar-beet pectins and maize bran heteroxylans. J Sci Food Agric 79:396–402

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schubot FD, Kataeva IA, Blum DL, Shah AK, Ljunggahl LG, Rose JP, Wang BC (2001) Structural basis for the substrate specificity of the feruloyl esterase domain of the cellulosomal xylanase Z from Clostridium thermocellum. Biochemistry 40:12524–12532

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shibuya N (1984) Phenolic acids and their carbohydrate esters in rice endosperm cell walls. Phytochemistry 23:2233–2237

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shin HD, Chen RR (2007) A type B feruloyl esterase from Aspergillus nidulans with broad pH applicability. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 73:1323–1330

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sigoillot C, Camarero S, Vidal T, Record E, Asther M, Pèrez-Boada M, Martínez MJ, Sigoillot J-C, Asther M, Colom JF, Martínez ÁT (2005) Comparison of different fungal enzymes for bleaching high-quality paper pulps. J Biotechnol 115:333–343

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smith MM, Hartley RD (1983) Occurrence and nature of ferulic acid substitution of cell-wall polysaccharides in graminaceous plants. Carbohydr Res 118:65–80

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Suzuki A, Kagawa D, Fujii A, Ochiai R, Tokimitsu I, Saito I (2002) Short and long term effect of ferulic acid on blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Am J Hypertens 15:351–357

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tenkanen M, Schuseil J, Puls J, Poutanen K (1991) Production, purification and characterization of an esterase liberating phenolic acids from lignocellulosics. J Biotechnol 18:69–84

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Topakas E, Kalogeris E, Ketos D, Macris BJ, Christakopoulos P (2003a) Pruduction and partial characterization of a feruloyl esterase by Sporotrichum thermophile under solid-state fermentation. Proc Biochem 38:1539–1543

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Topakas E, Stamatis H, Mastihubova M, Biely P, Ketos D, Macris BJ, Christakopoulos P (2003b) Purification and characterization of a Fusarium oxysporum feruloyl esterase (FoFAE-I) catalyzing transesterification of phenolic acid esters. Enzyme Microb Technol 33:729–737

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Topakas E, Stamatis H, Biely P, Ketos D, Macris BJ, Christakopoulos P (2003c) Purification and characterization of a feruloyl esterase from Fusarium oxysporum catalyzing esterification of phenolic acids in ternary water-organic solvent mixture. J Biotechnol 102:33–44

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Topakas E, Stamatis H, Biely P, Christakopoulos P (2004) Purification and characterization of a type B feruloyl esterase (StFAE-A) from the thermophilic fungus Sporotrichum thermophile. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 63:686–690

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Topakas E, Vafiadi C, Stamatis H, Christakopoulos P (2005) Sporotricum thermophile type C feruloyl esterase (StFaeC): purification, characterization, and its use for phenolic acid (sugar) ester synthesis. Enzyme Microb Technol 36:729–736

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Topakas E, Vafiadi C, Christakopoulos P (2007) Microbial production, characterization and applications of feruloyl esterases. Process Biochem 42:497–509

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tsuchiyama M, Sakamoto T, Tanimori S, Murata S, Kawasaki H (2007) Enzymatic synthesis of hydroxycinnamic acid glycerol esters using type A feruloyl esterase from Aspergillus niger. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 71:2606–2609

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van Peiji NN, Visser J, de Graaff LH (1998a) Isolation and analysis of xlnR, encoding a transcriptional activator co-ordinating xylanolytic expression in Aspergillus niger. Mol Microbiol 27:131–142

    Google Scholar 

  • van Peiji NN, Gielkens MM, de Vries RP, Visser J, de Graaff LH (1998b) The transcriptional activator XlnR regulates both xylanolytic and endoglucanase gene expression in Aspergillus niger. Appl Environ Microbiol 64:3615–3619

    Google Scholar 

  • Williamson G, Kroon PA, Faulds CB (1998) Hairy plant polysaccharides: a close shave with microbial esterases. Microbiology 144:2011–2023

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Takuya Koseki.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Koseki, T., Fushinobu, S., Ardiansyah et al. Occurrence, properties, and applications of feruloyl esterases. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 84, 803–810 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-009-2148-8

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-009-2148-8

Keywords

Navigation