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Listeria monocytogenes an Emerging Pathogen: a Comprehensive Overview on Listeriosis, Virulence Determinants, Detection, and Anti-Listerial Interventions

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Abstract

Listeria monocytogenes, the third most deleterious zoonotic pathogen, is a major causative agent of animal and human listeriosis, an infection related to the consumption of contaminated food products. Even though, this pathogen has been responsible for the outbreaks of foodborne infections in the early 1980s, the major outbreaks have been reported during the past two decades. Listeriosis infection in the host is a rare but life-threatening disease with major public health and economic implications. Extensive reports on listeriosis outbreaks are associated with milk and milk products, meat and meat products, and fresh produce. This bacterium can adapt to any environmental and stress conditions, making it a prime causative agent for major foodborne diseases. The pathogen could survive an antibiotic treatment and persist in the host cell, thereby escaping the standard diagnostic practices. The current review strives to provide concise information on the epidemiology, serotypes, and pathogenesis of the L. monocytogenes to decipher the knowledge on the endurance of the pathogen inside the host and food products as a vehicle for Listeria contaminations. In addition, various detection methods for Listeria species from food samples and frontline regimens of L. monocytogenes treatment have also been discussed.

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Data Availability

Data associated with this paper can be accessed by contacting the corresponding author.

Abbreviations

US:

United States

L. monocytogenes :

Listeria monocytogenes

16S rRNA:

16 S ribosomal ribonucleic acid

DNA:

Deoxyribonucleic acid

PFGE:

Pulse field gel electrophoresis

MLST:

Multilocus sequence typing

CCs:

Clonal complexes

PCR:

Polymerase chain reaction

LAP:

Listeria adhesion protein

AdhE:

Acetaldehyde alcohol dehydrogenase

Hsp60:

Heat shock protein 60

NF-jB:

Nuclear factor-jB

MLCK:

Myosin light chain kinase

InlA:

Internalin A

InlB:

Internalin B

LLO:

Listeriolysin O

ActA:

Actin polymerization protein

PC-PLC:

Phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase

PI-PLC:

Phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase

TNFα:

Tumor necrosis factor α

IL:

Interleukin

HIV:

Human immunodeficiency virus

MD:

Municipality districts

CFU:

Colony-forming units

FDA-BAM:

Food and Drug Administration-Bacteriological and Analytical Methods

USDA-FSIS:

United States of Agriculture-Food Safety and Inspection Service

ISO:

International Organization of Standard

UVM:

University of Vermont Medium

PALCAM:

Polymyxin-acriflavine-lithium-chloride-ceftazidime-aesculin-mannitol

MOX:

Modified Oxford agar medium

ALOA:

Listeria agar with Ottaviani and Agosti

BCM:

Biosynth Chromogenic Medium

OCLA:

Listeria agar (Oxoid) and chromID Ottaviani Agosti Agar

OAA:

Oxolinic Acid–Aesculin–Azide Agar

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  1. Department of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for Women, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641043, India

    Ramya Ravindhiran, Karthiga Sivarajan, Jothi Nayaki Sekar, Rajeswari Murugesan & Kavitha Dhandapani

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  1. Ramya Ravindhiran
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  2. Karthiga Sivarajan
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Ramya Ravindhiran: writing-original draft preparation, reviewing, and editing. Karthiga Sivarajan and Jothi Nayaki Sekar: literature search and editing. Rajeswari Murugesan: data collection. Kavitha Dhandapani: conceptualization, reviewing, editing and supervision. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Kavitha Dhandapani.

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Ravindhiran, R., Sivarajan, K., Sekar, J.N. et al. Listeria monocytogenes an Emerging Pathogen: a Comprehensive Overview on Listeriosis, Virulence Determinants, Detection, and Anti-Listerial Interventions. Microb Ecol 86, 2231–2251 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-023-02269-9

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