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Environmental Temperature, but Not Male Age, Affects Wolbachia and Prophage WO Thereby Modulating Cytoplasmic Incompatibility in the Parasitoid Wasp, Habrobracon Hebetor

  • Invertebrate Microbiology
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Abstract

Wolbachia is an endosymbiotic bacterium found in many species of arthropods and manipulates its host reproduction. Cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) is one of the most common manipulations that is induced when an uninfected female mates with a Wolbachia-infected male. The CI factors (cifA and cifB genes) are encoded by phage WO that naturally infects Wolbachia. Here, we questioned whether an environmental factor (temperature) or host factor (male age) affected the strength of the CI phenotype in the ectoparasitoid wasp, Habrobracon hebetor. We found that temperature, but not male age, results in reduced CI penetrance. Consistent with these results, we also found that the expression of the cif CI factors decreased in temperature-exposed males but was consistent across aging male wasps. Similar to studies of other insect systems, cifA showed a higher expression level than cifB, and male hosts showed increased cif expression relative to females. Our results suggest that prophage WO is present in the Wolbachia-infected wasps and expression of cif genes contributes to the induction of CI in this insect. It seems that male aging has no effect on the intensity of CI; however, temperature affects Wolbachia and prophage WO titers as well as expression levels of cif genes, which modulate the CI level.

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Data Availability

The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

We thank Zeynab Bagheri and Fatemeh Badran for their assistance during the project.

Funding

This project was supported by the Iran National Science Foundation grant (98008582).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran

    Seyede Fatemeh Nasehi, Yaghoub Fathipour & Mohammad Mehrabadi

  2. School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia

    Sassan Asgari

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  1. Seyede Fatemeh Nasehi
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M.M. designed the experiments. S.F.N. performed the experiments. M.M. and Y. F. provided facility, materials, and reagents. All the authors analyzed the data and wrote the paper.

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Correspondence to Mohammad Mehrabadi.

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Nasehi, S.F., Fathipour, Y., Asgari, S. et al. Environmental Temperature, but Not Male Age, Affects Wolbachia and Prophage WO Thereby Modulating Cytoplasmic Incompatibility in the Parasitoid Wasp, Habrobracon Hebetor. Microb Ecol 83, 482–491 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-021-01768-x

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