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Cutaneous Bacterial Communities of a Poisonous Salamander: a Perspective from Life Stages, Body Parts and Environmental Conditions

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Abstract

Amphibian skin provides a habitat for bacterial communities in its mucus. Understanding the structure and function of this “mucosome” in the European fire salamander (Salamandra salamandra) is critical in the context of novel emerging pathogenic diseases. We compare the cutaneous bacterial communities of this species using amplicon-based sequencing of the 16S rRNA V4 region. Across 290 samples, over 4000 OTUs were identified, four of them consistently present in all samples. Larvae and post-metamorphs exhibited distinct cutaneous microbial communities. In adults, the parotoid gland surface had a community structure different from the head, dorsum, flanks and ventral side. Larvae from streams had higher phylogenetic diversity than those found in ponds. Their bacterial community structure also differed; species of Burkholderiaceae, Comamonadaceae, Methylophilaceae and Sphingomonadaceae were more abundant in pond larvae, possibly related to differences in factors like desiccation and decomposition rate in this environment. The observed differences in the cutaneous bacterial community among stages, body parts and habitats of fire salamanders suggest that both host and external factors shape these microbiota. We hypothesize that the variation in cutaneous bacterial communities might contribute to variation in pathogen susceptibility among individual salamanders.

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Acknowledgments

We are grateful to Daniel Goedbloed for helping in the field, Meike Kondermann for her help with lab work, and to the “Amt für Umwelt, Verbraucherschutz und Lokale Agenda” of the city of Bonn for permitting the research and sampling of salamanders.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstr. 4, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany

    Eugenia Sanchez, Molly C. Bletz, Laura Duntsch, Sebastian Steinfartz & Miguel Vences

  2. Department of Genome Analytics, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany

    Sabin Bhuju, Robert Geffers & Michael Jarek

  3. Thünen Institute of Biodiversity, Bundesallee 50, 38116, Braunschweig, Germany

    Anja B. Dohrmann & Christoph C. Tebbe

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  1. Eugenia Sanchez
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  2. Molly C. Bletz
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Correspondence to Eugenia Sanchez.

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This work was funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft through grants to MV (VE247/9-1) and SS (STE 1130/8-1 as part of the German-Israeli project cooperation DIP); by the Deutsche Bundesstiftung Umwelt (DBU); and by the Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst through fellowships to ES and MCB.

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Sanchez, E., Bletz, M.C., Duntsch, L. et al. Cutaneous Bacterial Communities of a Poisonous Salamander: a Perspective from Life Stages, Body Parts and Environmental Conditions. Microb Ecol 73, 455–465 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-016-0863-0

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