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Seasonal Variation of Honeybee Pathogens and its Association with Pollen Diversity in Uruguay

  • Invertebrate Microbiology
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Abstract

Honeybees are susceptible to a wide range of pathogens, which have been related to the occurrence of colony loss episodes reported mainly in north hemisphere countries. Their ability to resist those infections is compromised if they are malnourished or exposed to pesticides. The aim of the present study was to carry out an epidemiological study in Uruguay, South America, in order to evaluate the dynamics and interaction of honeybee pathogens and evaluate their association with the presence of external stress factors such as restricted pollen diversity and presence of agrochemicals. We monitored 40 colonies in two apiaries over 24 months, regularly quantifying colony strength, parasite and pathogen status, and pollen diversity. Chlorinated pesticides, phosphorus, pyrethroid, fipronil, or sulfas were not found in stored pollen in any colony or season. Varroa destructor was widespread in March (end of summer–beginning of autumn), decreasing after acaricide treatments. Viruses ABPV, DWV, and SBV presented a similar trend, while IAPV and KBV were not detected. Nosema ceranae was detected along the year while Nosema apis was detected only in one sample. Fifteen percent of the colonies died, being associated to high V. destructor mite load in March and high N. ceranae spore loads in September. Although similar results have been reported in north hemisphere countries, this is the first study of these characteristics in Uruguay, highlighting the regional importance. On the other side, colonies with pollen of diverse botanical origins showed reduced viral infection levels, suggesting that an adequate nutrition is important for the development of healthy colonies.

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Acknowledgments

This work was financed by the Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), grant INIA-FPTA 258. Authors thank Dennis van Engelsdorp for the help with manuscript organization.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Departamento de Microbiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Avda. Italia 3318, Montevideo, Uruguay

    Karina Antúnez, Matilde Anido, Belén Branchiccela & Pablo Zunino

  2. Sección Apicultura, Dirección de Laboratorios Veterinarios “Miguel C. Rubino”, MGAP, Montevideo, Uruguay

    Jorge Harriet & Juan Campa

  3. Sección Etología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay

    Ciro Invernizzi & Estela Santos

  4. Centro Apícola Regional, Junta de Comunidades de Castilla La Mancha, 19180, Marchamalo, Spain

    Mariano Higes & Raquel Martín-Hernández

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  1. Karina Antúnez
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  2. Matilde Anido
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  3. Belén Branchiccela
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SI Figure 1

Seasonal dynamics of adult bee population (number of covered frames, total 440 cm2 per comb), brood area (quarters of comb sides, total 220 cm2 per side of comb) and honey reserves in Apiary 1 and 2, during 2009 and 2010. (GIF 318 kb)

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SI Figure 2

Climatic conditions (temperature, relative humidity, pressure and precipitations) in Apiary 1 and 2, during 2009 and 2010. (GIF 96 kb)

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SI Figure 3

Seasonal dynamics of the infection rate per apiary with ABPV, BQCV, DWV and SBV in Apiary 1 and 2, during 2009 and 2010. (GIF 313 kb)

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Antúnez, K., Anido, M., Branchiccela, B. et al. Seasonal Variation of Honeybee Pathogens and its Association with Pollen Diversity in Uruguay. Microb Ecol 70, 522–533 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-015-0594-7

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