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Agricultural Management and Labile Carbon Additions Affect Soil Microbial Community Structure and Interact with Carbon and Nitrogen Cycling

  • Soil Microbiology
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Abstract

We investigated how conversion from conventional agriculture to organic management affected the structure and biogeochemical function of soil microbial communities. We hypothesized the following. (1) Changing agricultural management practices will alter soil microbial community structure driven by increasing microbial diversity in organic management. (2) Organically managed soil microbial communities will mineralize more N and will also mineralize more N in response to substrate addition than conventionally managed soil communities. (3) Microbial communities under organic management will be more efficient and respire less added C. Soils from organically and conventionally managed agroecosystems were incubated with and without glucose (13C) additions at constant soil moisture. We extracted soil genomic DNA before and after incubation for TRFLP community fingerprinting of soil bacteria and fungi. We measured soil C and N pools before and after incubation, and we tracked total C respired and N mineralized at several points during the incubation. Twenty years of organic management altered soil bacterial and fungal community structure compared to continuous conventional management with the bacterial differences caused primarily by a large increase in diversity. Organically managed soils mineralized twice as much NO3 − as conventionally managed ones (44 vs. 23 μg N/g soil, respectively) and increased mineralization when labile C was added. There was no difference in respiration, but organically managed soils had larger pools of C suggesting greater efficiency in terms of respiration per unit soil C. These results indicate that the organic management induced a change in community composition resulting in a more diverse community with enhanced activity towards labile substrates and greater capacity to mineralize N.

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Acknowledgements

We thank the Buckley Lab, Drinkwater Lab, Jenny Kao-Kniffen, Sarah M. Carver, Biao Zhu, and several anonymous reviewers for useful comments on a previous version of this manuscript. We thank Klass and Mary-Howell Martens and Dave Ingram for providing the field sites. Heather Scott and Matt Gura provided valuable field and laboratory assistance. Support was provided by the USDA Managed Ecosystems Program (Grant 0207638 to Drinkwater et al.) and by the Agriculture and Food Research Initiative (competitive grant No. 2012-67012-19816 to STB) from the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture.

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  1. Department of Horticulture, Cornell University, 134A Plant Sciences Building, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA

    Sean T. Berthrong & Laurie E. Drinkwater

  2. Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA

    Daniel H. Buckley

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  1. Sean T. Berthrong
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Fig. S1

Soil incubator design. Incubators were built with sterilized plastic vacuum filtration units with a 0.2-μm PES filter. A 45-μm glass fiber prefilter was secured with silicon sealant above the nylon filter to avoid clogging. Inert PTFE chips were added in the center of the incubator to support a 30-ml Erlenmeyer flask with 0.5 M KOH (the CO2 trap). During simulated rainfall events, the trap was removed and replaced, and between rainfalls, the incubators were sealed with a lid and parafilm (PDF 25 kb)

Fig. S2

Schematic diagram of the steps in the incubator process (PDF 24 kb)

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Berthrong, S.T., Buckley, D.H. & Drinkwater, L.E. Agricultural Management and Labile Carbon Additions Affect Soil Microbial Community Structure and Interact with Carbon and Nitrogen Cycling. Microb Ecol 66, 158–170 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-013-0225-0

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