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The Hawaiian Archipelago: A Microbial Diversity Hotspot

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Abstract

The Hawaiian Archipelago is a “biodiversity hotspot” where significant endemism among eukaryotes has evolved through geographic isolation and local topography. To address the absence of corresponding region-wide data on Hawaii’s microbiota, we compiled the first 16S SSU rDNA clone libraries and cultivated bacteria from five Hawaiian lakes, an anchialine pool, and the Lō’ihi submarine volcano. These sites offer diverse niches over ~5000 m elevation and ~1150 nautical miles. Each site hosted a distinct prokaryotic community dominated by Bacteria. Cloned sequences fell into 158 groups from 18 Bacteria phyla, while seven were unassigned and two belonged in the Euryarchaeota. Only seven operational taxonomic units (each OTU comprised sequences that shared ≥97% sequence identity) occurred in more than one site. Pure bacterial cultures from all sites fell into 155 groups (each group comprised pure cultures that shared ≥97% 16S SSU rDNA sequence identity) from 10 Bacteria phyla; 15 Proteobacteria and Firmicutes were cultivated from more than one site. One hundred OTUs (60%) and 52 (33.3%) cultures shared <97% 16S SSU rDNA sequence identity with published sequences. Community structure reflected habitat chemistry; most δ-Proteobacteria occurred in anoxic and sulfidic waters of one lake, while β-Proteobacteria were cultivated exclusively from fresh or brackish waters. Novel sequences that affiliate with an Antarctic-specific clade of Deinococci, and Candidate Divisions TM7 and BRC1, extend the geographic ranges of these phyla. Globally and locally remote, as well as physically and chemically diverse, Hawaiian aquatic habitats provide unique niches for the evolution of novel communities and microorganisms.

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported under NSF Microbial Observatories Program grant no. MCB0084326 to MA. We thank the US Fish and Wildlife Service and the Department of Land and Natural Resources for assistance during planning for sample collection. We are indebted to Dr. Jim Maragos, Chief Scientist of the NOW-RAMP-II cruise, for his support during the cruise. Thanks also to Dr. Dave Gulko and the captain and crew of the MV Rapture, plus the NOW-RAMP II participants; to the captain and crew of the RV Ka’imikai-o-kanaloa, and the DSRV Pisces V pilot Terry Kerby and team; Ron Nagata (Chief, Division of Resources Management, Haleakela National Park, National Park Service), field guide Terry Lind (HNP), and helicopter pilot Richard ‘Duke’ Baldwin, Maui; William Appleton and Randolph McCreight for access to Green Lake; NPS Kalaupapa Superintendents Guy Hughes, Bill Eichenlaub, Dean Alexander, and Ranger Jeff Trainer assisted at L. Kauhakō. Field assistance was provided by Ritchie Araneta, Renee Harada, Horst-Volker Henschel, Brian Neville, Jimmy Saw, Mandelle Ruiz, Mark Speck, and Lance Tamashiro. Jeanette Fu, Kalle Johansson, Minh Hinh Nguyen, Abigail Perucho-Gicewicz, and Li Zhou assisted in the laboratory. Thanks to Dr. JoAnn Radway for advice and assistance with cyanobacteria isolations.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Microbiology, University of Hawai, 2538 The Mall, Snyder Hall #111, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA

    S.P. Donachie, S. Hou, K.S. Lee, C.W. Riley, A. Pikina, C. Belisle, J. Liu, T.A. Freitas & M. Alam

  2. Physical Geology and Global Cycles, Institute for Applied Geosciences, University of Technology Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstr. 9, D-64287, Darmstadt, Germany

    S. Kempe

  3. Department of Ocean and Resources Engineering, SOEST, University of Hawaii, Holmes, Hall, 2540 Dole Street, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA

    T.S. Gregory & A. Bossuyt

  4. Ruakura Research Centre, The Horticulture and Food Research Institute of New Zealand Ltd., Private Bag 3123, Hamilton, New Zealand

    J. Boerema

  5. Maui High Performance Computing Center, 550 Lipoa Parkway, Kihei, Maui, HI, 96753, USA

    T.A. Freitas & M. Alam

  6. Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences, 69 Gracefield Road, P.O. Box 30368, Lower Hutt, New Zealand

    A. Malahoff

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  1. S.P. Donachie
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  2. S. Hou
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  3. K.S. Lee
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  8. T.S. Gregory
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  9. A. Bossuyt
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  11. J. Liu
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  12. T.A. Freitas
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  13. A. Malahoff
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  14. M. Alam
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Correspondence to A. Malahoff or M. Alam.

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Donachie, S., Hou, S., Lee, K. et al. The Hawaiian Archipelago: A Microbial Diversity Hotspot. Microb Ecol 48, 509–520 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-004-0217-1

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