References
Alsan BH, Schultheiss TM (2002) Regulation of avian cardiogenesis by FGF8 signaling. Development 129:1935–1943
Arsenian S, Weinhold B, Oelgeschlager M, Ruther U, Nordheim A (1998) Serum response factor is essential for mesoderm formation during mouse embryogenesis. EMBO J 17:6289–6299
Balza RO Jr, Misra RP (2006) Role of the serum response factor in regulating contractile apparatus gene expression and sarcomeric integrity in cardiomyocytes. J Biol Chem 281:6498–6510
Barron M, Gao M, Lough J (2000) Requirement for BMP- and FGF-signaling during cardiogenic induction in nonprecardiac mesoderm is specific, transient, and cooperative. Dev Dyn 218:383–393
Bernanke DH, Velkey JM (2002) Development of the coronary blood supply: changing concepts and current ideas. Anat Rec 269:198–208
Brand T (2003) Heart development: molecular insights into cardiac specification and early morphogenesis. Dev Biol 258:1–19
Chai J, Jones MK, Tarnawski AS (2004) Serum response factor is a critical requirement for VEGF signaling in endothelial cells and VEGF-induced angiogenesis. FASEB J 18:1264–1266
Crispino JD, Lodish MB, Thurberg BL, Litovsky SH, Collins T, Molkentin JD, Orkin SH (2001) Proper coronary vascular development and heart morphogenesis depend on interaction of GATA-4 with FOG cofactors. Genes Dev 15:839–844
Dettman RW, Denetclaw W Jr, Ordahl CP, Bristow J (1998) Common epicardial origin of coronary vascular smooth muscle, perivascular fibroblasts, and intermyocardial fibroblasts in the avian heart. Dev Biol 193:169–181
Gittenberger-de Groot A, Peeters MV, Mentink M (1998) Epicardium-derived cells contribute a novel population to the myocardial wall and the atrioventricular cushions. Circ Res 82:1043–1052
Harvey RP (2002) Patterning the vertebrate heart. Nat Rev Genet 3:544–556
Ishii Y, Langberg JD, Hurtado R, Lee S, Mikawa T (2007) Induction of proepicardial marker gene expression by the liver bud. Development 134:3627–3637
Knoll B, Kretz O, Fiedler C, Alberti S, Schutz G, Frotscher M, Nordheim A (2006) Serum response factor controls neuronal circuit assembly in the hippocampus. Nat Neurosci 9:195–204
Kruithof BP, van Wijk B, Somi S, Kruithof-de Julio M, Perez Pomares JM, Weesie F, Wessels A, Moorman AF, van den Hoff MJ (2006) BMP and FGF regulate the differentiation of multipotential pericardial mesoderm into the myocardial or epicardial lineage. Dev Biol 295:507–522
Landerholm TE, Dong XR, Lu J, Belaguli NS, Schwartz RJ, Majesky MW (1999) A role for serum response factor in coronary smooth muscle differentiation from proepicardial cells. Development 126:2053–2062
Lough J, Sugi Y (2000) Endoderm and heart development. Dev Dyn 217:327–342
Lu J, Landerholm T, Wei J, Dong X-R, Wu S-P, Liu X, Nagata K, Inagaki M, Majesky M (2001) Coronary smooth muscle differentiation from proepicardial cells requires RhoA-mediated actin reorganization and p160 Rho-kinase activity. Dev Biol 240:404–418
Mikawa T (1999) Cardiac lineages. In: Harvey RP, Rosenthal N (eds) Heart development. Academic Press, San Diego, pp 19–33
Mikawa T, Fischman DA (1992) Retroviral analysis of cardiac morphogenesis: discontinuous formation of coronary vessels. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89:9504–9508
Mikawa T, Gourdie R (1996) Pericardial mesoderm generates a population of coronary smooth muscle cells migrating into the heart along with ingrowth of the epicardial organ. Dev Biol 174:221–232
Morabito CJ, Dettman RW, Kattan J, Collier JM, Bristow J (2001) Positive and negative regulation of epicardial-mesenchymal transformation during avian heart development. Dev Biol 234:204–215
Morabito C, Kattan J, Bristow J (2002) Mechanisms of embryonid coronary artery development. Curr Opin Cardiol 17:235–241
Munoz-Chapuli R, Macias D, Gonzalez-Iriarte M, Carmona R, Atencia G, Perez-Pomares JM (2002) The epicardium and epicardial-derived cells: multiple functions in cardiac development. Rev Esp Cardiol 55:1070–1082
Nelson TJ, Duncan SA, Misra RP (2004) Conserved enhancer in the serum response factor promoter controls expression during early coronary vasculogenesis. Circ Res 94:1059–1066
Olivey HE, Compton LA, Barnett JV (2004) Coronary vessel development: the epicardium delivers. Trends Cardiovasc Med 14:247–251
Olivey HE, Mundell NA, Austin AF, Barnett JV (2006) Transforming growth factor-beta stimulates epithelial-mesenchymal transformation in the proepicardium. Dev Dyn 235:50–59
Perez-Pomares JM, Macias D, Garcia-Garrido L, Munoz-Chapuli R (1997) Contribution of the primitive epicardium to the subepicardial mesenchyme in hamster and chick embryos. Dev Dyn 210:96–105
Perez-Pomares JM, Macias D, Garcia-Garrido L, Munoz-Chapuli R (1998) The origin of the subepicardial mesenchyme in the avian embryo: an immunohistochemical and quail-chick chimera study. Dev Biol 200:57–68
Perez-Pomares JM, Carmona R, Gonzalez-Iriarte M, Atencia G, Wessels A, Munoz-Chapuli R (2002) Origin of coronary endothelial cells from epicardial mesothelium in avian embryos. Int J Dev Biol 46:1005–1013
Poelmann RE, Gittenberger-de Groot AC, Mentink MM, Bokenkamp R, Hogers B (1993) Development of the cardiac coronary vascular endothelium, studied with antiendothelial antibodies, in chicken-quail chimeras. Circ Res 73:559–568
Psichari E, Balmain A, Plows D, Zoumpourlis V, Pintzas A (2002) High activity of serum response factor in the mesenchymal transition of epithelial tumor cells is regulated by RhoA signaling. J Biol Chem 277:29490–29495
Reese DE, Mikawa T, Bader DM (2002) Development of the coronary vessel system. Circ Res 91:761–768
Schlueter J, Manner J, Brand T (2006) BMP is an important regulator of proepicardial identity in the chick embryo. Dev Biol 295:546–558
Sengbusch JK, He W, Pinco KA, Yang JT (2002) Dual functions of [alpha]4[beta]1 integrin in epicardial development: initial migration and long-term attachment. J Cell Biol 157:873–882
Tevosian SG, Deconinck AE, Tanaka M, Schinke M, Litovsky SH, Izumo S, Fujiwara Y, Orkin SH (2000) FOG-2, a cofactor for GATA transcription factors, is essential for heart morphogenesis and development of coronary vessels from epicardium. Cell 101:729–739
Van den Eijnde SM, Wenink AC, Vermeij-Keers C (1995) Origin of subepicardial cells in rat embryos. Anat Rec 242:96–102
Vrancken Peeters MP, Gittenberger-de Groot AC, Mentink MM, Poelmann RE (1999) Smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts of the coronary arteries derive from epithelial-mesenchymal transformation of the epicardium. Anat Embryol 199:367–378
Watt AJ, Battle MA, Li J, Duncan SA (2004) GATA4 is essential for formation of the proepicardium and regulates cardiogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101:12573–12578
Yang JT, Rayburn H, Hynes RO (1993) Embryonic mesodermal defects in alpha 5 integrin-deficient mice. Development 119:1093–1105
Acknowledgments
We thank Drs. John Lough, Stephen Duncan, and Mary Holtz for helpful discussions. Because this review was necessarily limited in scope and size, the author apologizes in advance to those whose work may not have been cited. This study was supported by NIH: R01 HL084636, and Advancing Healthier Wisconsin Grant, and the Sophia Wolffe Quadracci Memorial Fund for Stem Cell Research.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Misra, R.P. The Role of Serum Response Factor in Early Coronary Vasculogenesis. Pediatr Cardiol 31, 400–407 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00246-009-9614-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00246-009-9614-z