Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Mercury and Selenium in Muscle and Target Organs of Scalloped Hammerhead Sharks Sphyrna lewini of the SE Gulf of California: Dietary Intake, Molar Ratios, Loads, and Human Health Risks

  • Published:
Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Selenium and mercury were evaluated in muscle, liver, kidney, brain, and the stomach contents of juvenile scalloped hammerhead shark Sphyrna lewini. Se:Hg molar ratios were calculated. The average Hg levels in muscle ranged from 0.12 to 1.17 μg/g (wet weight); Hg was <0.39 μg/g in liver and kidneys and <0.19 μg/g in brain. The lowest value of Se was found in muscle (0.4 μg/g) and the highest in kidney (26.7 μg/g). An excess of Se over Hg was found, with Se:Hg molar ratios >1. Correlations were found for Hg in muscle with size, age, and weight, and also for Hg in liver with size, age, and weight. Hg in muscle was significantly positive correlated to Hg in brain as well as Hg in liver was correlated to Hg in kidney. The highest Hg in preys was for carangid fishes; scombrid and carangid fishes contributed with the highest Se levels. Results suggest that more than 98 % of the total Hg and 62 % of Se end up in muscle and might be affected by factors, such as geographical area, age, size, and feeding habits. The muscle of S. lewini should be consumed by people cautiously so as not to exceed the recommended intake per week.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Adams D, Sonne C, Basu N, Dietz R, Nam D, Leifsson P, Jensen A (2010) Mercury contamination in spotted seatrout, Cynoscion nebulosus: an assessment of liver, kidney, blood, and nervous system health. Sci Total Environ 408:5008–5816. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.08.019

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anislao-Tolentino V, Gallardo-Cabello M, Amezcua-Linares F, Robinson-Mendoza C (2008) Age and growth of the scalloped hammerhead shark, Sphyrna lewini (Griffith & Smith, 1834) from the Southern coast of Sinaloa, México. Hidrobiológica 18:31–40

    Google Scholar 

  • Barrera-García A, O’Hara T, Galván-Magaña F, Méndez-Rodríguez LC, Castellini M, Zenteno-Savín T (2012) Oxidative stress indicators and trace elements in the blue shark (Prionace glauca) off the east coast of the Mexican Pacific Ocean. Comp Biochem Physiol C 156:59–66. doi:10.1016/j.cbpc.2012.04.003

    Google Scholar 

  • Barrera-García A, O’Hara T, Galván-Magaña F, Méndez-Rodríguez LC, Castellini M, Zenteno-Savín T (2013) Trace elements and oxidative stress indicator in the liver and kidney of the blue shark (Prionace glauca). Comp Biochem Physiol A 165:483–490. doi:10.1016/j.cbpa.2013.01.024

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Berry M, Ralston N (2008) Mercury toxicity and the mitigating role of selenium. EcoHealth 5:456–459. doi:10.1007/s10393-008-0204-y

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bizarro J, Smith W, Castillo-Géniz L, Ocampo-Torres L, Márquez-Farías F, Hueter R (2009) The seasonal importance of small coastal sharks and rays in the artisanal elasmobranch fishery of Sinaloa, Mexico. Panam J Aquat Sci 4(4):513–531

    Google Scholar 

  • Bloom NS (1992) On the chemical form of mercury in edible fish and marine invertebrate tissue. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 49:1010–1017. doi:10.1139/f92-113

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Branco V, Vale C, Canário J, Neves dos Santos M (2007) Mercury and selenium in blue shark (Prionace glauca, L. 1758) and swordfish (Xiphias gladius, L. 1758) from two areas of the Atlantic Ocean. Environ Pollut 150:373–380

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Branco V, Canário J, Lu J, Holmgren A, Carvalho C (2012) Mercury and selenium interaction in vivo: effects on thioredoxin reductase and glutathione peroxidase. Free Radical Biol Med 52:781–793. doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.12.002

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Branco V, Godhino-Santos A, Goncalves J, Lu J, Holmgren A, Carvalho C (2014) Mitochondrial thioredoxin reductase inhibition, selenium status and Nrf-2 activation are determinant factors modulating the toxicity of mercury compounds. Free Radical Biol Med 73:95–105. doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.04.030

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burger J, Gochfeld M (2011) Mercury and selenium levels in 19 species of fish of New Jersey as function of species, size and season. Sci Total Environ 409:1418–1429. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.12.034

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burger J, Gochfeld MN (2012) Selenium and mercury molar ratios in saltwater fish from New Jersey: individual and species variability complicate use in human health fish consumption advisories. Environ Res 114:12–23. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2012.02.004

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burger J, Gochfeld M (2013) Selenium and mercury molar ratios in commercial fish from New Jersey and Illinois: variation within species and relevance to risk communication. Food Chem Toxicol 57:235–245. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2013.03.021

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burger J, Gochfeld M, Jeitner C, Donio M, Pittfield T (2012) Interspecific and intraspecific variation in selenium:mercury molar ratios in saltwater fish from the Aleutians: potential protection on mercury toxicity by selenium. Sci Total Environ 431:46–56. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.05.024

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burger J, Jeitner C, Donio M, Pittfield T, Gochfeld M (2013) Mercury and selenium levels, and selenium:mercury molar ratios of brain, muscle and other tissues in bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix) from New Jersey, USA. Sci Total Environ 443:278–286. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.10.040

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cabañero A, Madrid Y, Cámara C (2006) Selenium long-term administrations and its effect on mercury toxicity. J Agric Food Chem 54:4461–4468. doi:10.1021/jf0603230

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • CANAIVE (2012). How size is Mexico? Size matters. Cámara Nacional de la Industria del Vestido. http://www.canaive.org.mx/doctos/rueda_de_prensa_cuanto_mide.pdf. Accessed 10 June 2014

  • Cappon CJ, Smith JC (1982) Chemical form and distribution of mercury and selenium in edible seafood. J Anal Toxicol 6:10–21. doi:10.1093/jat/6.1.10

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cartamil F, Santana-Morales O, Escobedo-Olvera M, Kacev D, Castillo-Geniz L, Graham J, Rubin R, Sosa-Nishizaki O (2011) The artisanal elasmobranch fishery of the Pacific coast of Baja California, Mexico. Fish Res 108:393–403. doi:10.1016/j.fishres.2011.01.020

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Caserta D, Graziano A, Monte G, Bordi G, Moscarini M (2013) Heavy metals and placental fetal-maternal barrier: a mini-review on the major concerns. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 17:2198–2206

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clarke KR, Warwick RM (2001) Change in marine communities: an approach to statistical analysis and interpretation. 1st edition: Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Plymouth, UK, 144 pp. 2nd edition: PRIMER-E, Plymouth, UK, 172 pp

  • Colwell R (2006) Estimates: statistical estimation of species richness and shared species from samples, version 8. www.purl.oclc.org/estimates

  • Compagno L (1984) FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 4. Sharks of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. Part 2. Carcharhiniformes. FAO Fisheries Synopsis (125) 4:251–655

  • Cortés E (1999) A critical review of methods of studying fish feeding based on analysis of stomach contents: application to elasmobranch fishes. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 54:726–738. doi:10.1139/f96-316

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Damiano S, Papetti P, Menesatti P (2011) Accumulation of heavy metals to assess the health status of swordfish in a comparative analysis of Mediterranean and Atlantic areas. Mar Pollut Bull. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.04.028

    Google Scholar 

  • Delshad ST, Mousavi SA, Islami HR, Pazira A (2012) Mercury concentration of the whitecheek shark, carcharhinus dussumieri (elasmobranchii, chondrichthyes), and its relation with length and sex. Panam J Aquat Sci 7:135–142

    Google Scholar 

  • EPA (2014) Mercury, fish consumption advice. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. http://www.epa.gov/mercury/advisories.htm. Accessed 24 January 2015

  • Escobar-Sánchez O, Galván-Magaña F, Rosíles-Martínez R (2010) Mercury and selenium bioaccumulation in the smooth hammerhead Shark, Sphyrna zygaena Linnaeus, from the Mexican Pacific Ocean. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 84:488–491. doi:10.1007/s00128-010-9966-3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Escobar-Sánchez O, Galván-Magaña F, Rosíles-Martínez R (2011) Biomagnification of mercury and selenium in blue shark Prionace glauca from the Pacific Ocean off Mexico. Biol Trace Elem Res 144:550–559. doi:10.1007/s12011-011-9040-y

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ferry LA, Cailliet GM (1996) Sample size and data analysis: are we characterizing and comparing diet properly? In: Makinlay D, Shearer K (eds) Feeding ecology and nutrition in fish. Proceedings of the Symposium on the Feeding Ecology and Nutrition in fish, International Congress on the Biology of Fishes, San Francisco, California. American Fisheries Society, San Francisco California, pp 70–81

  • Fisher W, Krupp F, Schneider W, Sommer C, Carpenter KE, Niem VH (1995) Guía FAO para la identificación de especies para los fines de la pesca. Pacifico Centro-Oriental, volumen II: 686pp

  • Froese R, Pauly D (2015) Fish base. http://www.fishbase.org/. Accessed 24 May 2013 and 15 August 2015

  • García-Hernández J, Cadena-Cárdenas L, Bentancourt-Lozano M, García-de-la-Parra L, García-Rico L, Márquez-Farías F (2007) Total mercury content found in edible tissues of top predator fish from the Gulf of California, Mexico. Toxicol Environ Chem 89(3):507–522. doi:10.1080/02772240601165594

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gelsleichter J, Walker C (2010) Pollutant exposure and Effects in sharks and their relatives. In: Carrier J, Musick J, Heithaus M (eds) Sharks and their relatives II biodiversity, adaptive physiology and conservation. CRC Press, Florida, pp 181–182

    Google Scholar 

  • Gochfeld M, Burger J, Jeitner C, Donio M, Pittfield T (2012) Seasonal, location and size variations in mercury and selenium levels in striped bass (Morone saxatilis) from New Jersey. Environ Res 112:8–19. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2011.12.007

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hurtado-Banda R, Gomez-Alvarez A, Márquez-Farías F, Cordoba-Figueroa M, Navarro-García G, Medina-Juárez L (2012) Total mercury in liver and muscle tissue of two coastal sharks from the northwest of Mexico. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 88:971–975. doi:10.1007/s00128-012-0623-x

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jardine T, Kidd K, O’Driscoll N (2013) Food web analysis reveals effects of pH on mercury bioaccumulation at multiple trophic levels in streams. Aquat Toxicol 132(133):46–52. doi:10.1016/j.aquatox.2013.01.013

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Karimi R, Frisk M, Fisher N (2013) Contrasting Food Web Factor and Body size relationships with Hg and Se concentrations in marine biota. PLoS One. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0074695

    Google Scholar 

  • Kehring H, Seixas T, Palermo E, Baêta A, Castelo-Branco C, Malm O, Moreira I (2009) The relationships between mercury and selenium in plankton and fish from a tropical food web. Environ Sci Pollut R 16:10–24. doi:10.1007/s11356-008-0038-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kojadinovic J, Potier M, Le Corre M, Cosson R, Bustamante P (2007) Bioaccumulation of trace elements in pelagic fish from the Western Indian Ocean. Environ Pollut 146:548–566. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2006.07.015

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lowe C (2001) Metabolic rates of juvenile scalloped hammerhead sharks (Sphyrna lewini). Mar Biol 139:447–453. doi:10.1007/s002270100585

    Google Scholar 

  • Luoma S, Rainbow P (2008) Metal contamination in aquatic environments, science and lateral management. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 327–353

    Google Scholar 

  • Lyons K, Carlisle A, Preti A, Mull C, Blasius M, O’Sullivan J, Winkler C, Lowe C (2013) Effects of trophic ecology and habitat use on maternal transfer of contaminants in four species of young of the year lamniform sharks. Mar Environ Res 90:27–38. doi:10.1016/j.marenvres.2013.05.009

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maz-Courrau A, López-Vera C, Galván-Magaña F, Escobar-Sánchez O, Rosíles-Martínez R, Sanjuán-Muñoz A (2012) Bioaccumulation and biomagnification of total mercury in four exploited shark species in the Baja California Peninsula, Mexico. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 88:129–134. doi:10.1007/s00128-011-0499-1

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McMeans B, Arts M, Fisk A (2015) Impacts of food web structure and feeding behavior on mercury exposure in Greenland Sharks (Somniosus microcephalus). Sci Total Environ 509–510:216–225. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.01.128

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nam D, Adams D, Reyier E, Basu N (2011) Mercury and selenium levels in lemon shark (Negaprion brevirostris) in relation to a harmful red tide event. Environ Monit Assess 176:549–559. doi:10.1007/s10661-010-1603-4

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • NOM (2011) NOM-242-SSA1-2009. Productos y Servicios. Productos de la pesca frescos, refrigerados, congelados y procesados. Especificaciones sanitarias y métodos de prueba. Diario Oficial de la Federación. http://dof.gob.mx/nota_detalle.php?Codigo=5177531&fecha=10/02/2011. Accessed 4 March 2015

  • NRC-CNRC (2008) DOLT-4, Dogfish liver Certified Reference Material for Trace Metals. Ottawa: National Research Council Canada—Conseil National de Recherches Canada

  • Olsvik P, Amlund H, Saele O, Ellingsen S, Skjaerven K (2015) Impact of dietary selenium on methylmercury toxicity in juvenile Atlantic cod: a transcriptional survey. Chemosphere 120:199–205. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.06.036

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Parizek J, Ostadalova I (1967) The protective effect of small amounts of selenite in sublimate intoxication. Experientia 23:142–143. doi:10.1007/BF02135970

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peterson S, Ralston N, Peck D, Van Sickle JV, Robertson JD, Spate VL, Morris JS (2009) How might selenium moderate the toxic effects of mercury in stream fish of the western U.S.? Environ Sci Technol 43:3919–3925. doi:10.1021/es803203g

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pethybridge H, Cossa D, Butler E (2010) Mercury in 16 demersal sharks from southeast Australia: biotic and abiotic sources of variation and consumer health implications. Mar Environ Res 69:18–26. doi:10.1016/j.marenvres.2009.07.006

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pinkas, L, Oliphant M, Iverson L (1971) Food habits of Albacore Bluefin Tuna and Bonito in California waters. University of California. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7t5868rd. Accessed 4 May 2014

  • Powell JH, Powell RE (2001) Trace elements in fish overlying subaqueous tailings in the tropical west Pacific. Water Air Soil Pollut 125:81–104. doi:10.1023/A:1005211832691

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ralston N, Blackwell J, Raymond L (2007) Importance of molar ratios in selenium-dependent protection against methylmercury toxicity. Biol Trace Elem Res 119:255–268. doi:10.1007/s12011-007-8005-7

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rice KM, Walker EM, Wu M, Gillette C, Blough ER (2014) Environmental mercury and its toxic effects. J Prev Med Public Health 47(2):74–83. doi:10.3961/jpmph.2014.47.2.74

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ruelas-Inzunza J, Páez-Osuna F (2005) Mercury in fish and shark tissues from two coastal lagoons in the Gulf of California, Mexico. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 74:294–300. doi:10.1007/s00128-004-0583-x

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Steel RG, Torrie JH (1989) Bioestadística: Principios y Procedimientos. McGraw-Hill; 622pp

  • Storelli MM, Cuttone G, Marcotrigiano G (2011) Distribution of trace elements in the tissues of smooth hound Mustelus mustelus (Linnaeus, 1758) from the southern-eastern waters of Mediterranean Sea (Italy). Environ Monit Assess 174:271–281. doi:10.1007/s10661-010-1456-x

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Torres-Rojas Y, Hernández-Herrera A, Galván-Magaña F (2006) Feeding habits of the scalloped hammerhead shark, Sphyrna lewini, in Mazatlan waters, southern Gulf of California, Mexico. Cybium 30(4):85–90

    Google Scholar 

  • Torres-Rojas Y, Hernández-Herrera A, Galván-Magaña F, Alatorre-Ramírez V (2010) Stomach content analysis of juvenile, scalloped hammerhead shark Sphyrna lewini captured off the coast of Mazatlan, Mexico. Aquat Ecol 44:301–308. doi:10.1007/s10452-009-9245-8

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Torres-Rojas Y, Hernández-Herrerra A, Ortega-García S, Soto-Jiménez M (2014) Feeding habits variability and trophic position of dolphinfish in waters south of the Baja California Peninsula, Mexico. T Am Fish Soc 143:528–542. doi:10.1080/00028487.2013.866981

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Turoczy NJ, Laurenson JB, Allison G, Nishikawa M, Lambert DF, Smith C, Cottier JPE, Irvine SB, Stagnitti F (2000) Observations on metal concentrations in three species of shark (Deania calcea, Centroscymnus crepidater, and Centroscymnus owstoni) from southeastern Australian waters. J Agric Food Chem 48:4357–4364. doi:10.1021/jf000285z

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang A, Barber D, Pfeiffer C (2001) Protective effects of selenium against mercury toxicity in cultured Atlantic spotted dolphin (Stenella plagiodon) renal cells. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 41:403–409. doi:10.1007/s002440010266

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Watanabe C (2002) Modification of mercury toxicity by selenium: practical importance? Tohoku J Exp Med 196:71–77. doi:10.1620/tjem.196.71

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wetherbee B, Cortés E (2004) Food consumption and feeding habits. In: Carrier J, Musick J, Heithaus M (eds) Biology of sharks and their relatives, CRC Press, Florida, pp 232–237

  • White W, Sommerville E (2010) Elasmobranchs of the tropical marine ecosystem. In: Carrier J, Musick J, Heithaus M (eds) Sharks and their relatives II biodiversity, adaptive physiology and conservation. CRC Press, Florida, pp 181–182

    Google Scholar 

  • WHO (2010) Methylmercury, evaluation of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA), Word Health Organization. http://apps.who.int/food-additives-contaminants-jecfa-database/chemical.aspx?chemID=3083. Accessed 15 August 2014

  • Yang DY, Chen YW, Gunn JM, Belzile N (2008) Selenium and mercury in organisms: interactions and mechanisms. Environ Rev 16:71–92. doi:10.1139/A08-001

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zar J (1999) Biostatistical Analysis, 4th edn. Prentice Hall, New Jersey

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This work received financial support from PAPIIT (Programa de Apoyo a Proyectos de Investigación e Innovación) IN208213 by Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, DGIP-UAS (Dirección General de Investigación y Posgrado-Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa) and from Proyecto CONACYT 204818. The authors thank R. Hernández-Gúzman, D. Sierra-Moreno, J.P. Mora-Carrillo, and K. Bergés-García for assistance with the figures, sampling, and samples processing.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Posgrado en Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico, Mexico

    Magdalena E. Bergés-Tiznado & Federico Páez-Osuna

  2. Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Paseo Claussen S/N Col. Los Pinos, C.P. 82000, Mazatlán, Sinaloa, Mexico

    Fernando Márquez-Farías & Raúl E. Lara-Mendoza

  3. Unidad Académica Mazatlán, Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, P.O. Box 811, C.P. 82000, Mazatlán, Sinaloa, Mexico

    Yassir E. Torres-Rojas, Humberto Bojórquez-Leyva & Federico Páez-Osuna

  4. Instituto de Ecología, Pesquerías y Oceanografía del Golfo de México, Universidad Autónoma de Campeche (EPOMEX-UAC), Campus 6. Av. Héroe de Nacozari #480, C.P. 24029, Campeche, Campeche, Mexico

    Yassir E. Torres-Rojas

  5. Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas, Av. IPN S/N Col. Playa de Santa Rita, C.P. 23096, La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico

    Felipe Galván-Magaña

  6. Miembro de El Colegio de Sinaloa, Antonio Rosales 435 Pte. Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico

    Federico Páez-Osuna

Authors
  1. Magdalena E. Bergés-Tiznado
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Fernando Márquez-Farías
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Raúl E. Lara-Mendoza
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Yassir E. Torres-Rojas
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Felipe Galván-Magaña
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Humberto Bojórquez-Leyva
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Federico Páez-Osuna
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Federico Páez-Osuna.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Bergés-Tiznado, M.E., Márquez-Farías, F., Lara-Mendoza, R.E. et al. Mercury and Selenium in Muscle and Target Organs of Scalloped Hammerhead Sharks Sphyrna lewini of the SE Gulf of California: Dietary Intake, Molar Ratios, Loads, and Human Health Risks. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 69, 440–452 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-015-0226-8

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-015-0226-8

Keywords

Search

Navigation