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Arsenic, Cadmium, and Manganese Levels in Shellfish from Map Ta Phut, an Industrial Area in Thailand, and the Potential Toxic Effects on Human Cells

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Abstract

Map Ta Phut Industrial Estate is a major industrial area in Thailand for both petrochemical and heavy industries. The release of hazardous wastes and other pollutants from these industries increases the potential for contamination in foods in the surrounding area, especially farmed shellfish. This study determined the arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), and manganese (Mn) concentrations in the edible flesh of farmed shellfish, including Perna viridis, Meretrix meretrix, and Scapharca inaequivalvis, around the Map Ta Phut area using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The results showed that shellfish samples contained high levels of total As [1.84–6.42 mg kg−1 wet weight (ww)]. High Mn concentrations were found in P. viridis and M. meretrix, whereas S. inaequivalis contained the highest Cd. Arsenobetaine (AsB) was found to be the major As species in shellfish (>45 % of total As). The in vitro cytotoxicity of these elements was evaluated using human cancer cells (T47D, A549, and Jurkat cells). An observed decrease in cell viability in T47D and Jurkat cells was mainly caused by exposure to inorganic As (iAs) or Mn but not to AsB or Cd. The combined elements (AsB+Mn+Cd) at concentrations predicted to result from the estimated daily intake of shellfish flesh by the local people showed significant cytotoxicity in T47D and Jurkat cells.

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Acknowledgments

The authors thank Jittra Saehun and Supachai Ritruechai for sample preparation and technical assistance. This research work was supported by a Grant from the Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology, Commission of Higher Education (CHE), Ministry of Education, Thailand.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Pharmacology, Chulabhorn Research Institute (CRI), Kamphaeng Phet 6 Road, Lak Si, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand

    Nuchanart Rangkadilok, Sumontha Nookabkaew, Tawit Suriyo & Jutamaad Satayavivad

  2. Environmental Toxicology Program, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute (CGI), Kamphaeng Phet 6 Road, Lak Si, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand

    Nuchanart Rangkadilok, Pantaree Siripriwon & Jutamaad Satayavivad

  3. Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), CHE, Ministry of Education, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand

    Nuchanart Rangkadilok & Jutamaad Satayavivad

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  1. Nuchanart Rangkadilok
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Correspondence to Jutamaad Satayavivad.

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Rangkadilok, N., Siripriwon, P., Nookabkaew, S. et al. Arsenic, Cadmium, and Manganese Levels in Shellfish from Map Ta Phut, an Industrial Area in Thailand, and the Potential Toxic Effects on Human Cells. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 68, 169–180 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-014-0054-2

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-014-0054-2

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