Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers and Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Serum of Pregnant Women: Levels, Correlations, and Potential Health Implications

  • Published:
Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), a group of flame retardants, and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) were analysed in serum samples of pregnant women from Denmark to provide information about their exposure and to study indications of common exposure pathways. The main BDE congener was the fully brominated BDE-209 with a median value of 7.5 ng/g lipid (46 pg/mL; 9.8 pmol/g lipid). Other BDE congeners decreased in the order BDE-47 > BDE-99 > BDE-153. The summed concentration of tri- to hepta-BDEs was 7.7 ng/g lipid, i.e. in the higher end of previously reported concentrations from Europe, including plasma samples of pregnant Danish women. Total lipid contents were relatively low, on average 5.9 g/L (9.0 mmol/L). The main PFAS compound was perfluorooctane sulfonate with a median concentration of 8.4 ng/mL. Other PFASs decreased in the order perfluorooctanoic acid > perfluorononanoic acid > perfluorodecanoic acid > perfluorohexane sulfonate and resulted in a ΣPFAS of 12 ng/mL. Within each group, compounds were highly intercorrelated with the exception of BDE-209, which was not correlated with any of the other compounds. No correlations were found either between PFASs and PBDEs suggesting different sources of exposure and/or pharmacokinetic and metabolisation processes. PBDE and PFAS concentrations were in the range associated with adverse effects in some epidemiological studies.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Antignac J-P, Cariou R, Zalko D, Berrebi A, Cravedi J-P, Maume D et al (2009) Exposure assessment of French women and their newborn to brominated flame retardants: determination of tri- to deca-polybromodiphenylethers (PBDE) in maternal adipose tissue, serum, breast milk and cord serum. Environ Pollut 157:164–173

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Apelberg BJ, Witter FR, Herbstman JB, Calafat AM, Halden RU, Needham LL et al (2007) Cord serum concentrations of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) in relation to weight and size at birth. Environ Health Perspect 115(11):1670–1676

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boon JP, Lewis WE, Tjoen-A-Choy MR, Allchin CR, Law RJ, de Boer J et al (2002) Levels of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants in animals representing different trophic levels of the North Sea food web. Environ Sci Technol 36:4025–4032

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burreau S, Zebühr Y, Broman D, Ishaq R (2004) Biomagnification of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) studied in pike (Esox lucius), perch (Perca fluviatilis) and roach (Rutilus rutilus) from the Baltic Sea. Chemosphere 55:1043–1052

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Covaci A, Voorspoels S (2005) Optimization of the determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in human serum using solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography-electron capture negative ionization mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B 827:216–223

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Darnerud PO (2008) Brominated flame retardants as possible endocrine disrupters. Int J Androl 31:152–160

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • de Boer J, Wells DE (2006) Pitfalls in the analysis of brominated flame retardants in environmental, human and food samples—including results of three international interlaboratory studies. Trans Anal Chem 25(4):364–372

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • de Wit C, Herzke D, Vorkamp K (2010) Brominated flame retardants in the Arctic—trends and new candidates. Sci Total Environ 408:2885–2918

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ellis DA, Martin JW, de Silva A, Mabury SA, Hurley MD, Andersen MPS et al (2004) Degradation of fluorotelomer alcohols: a likely atmospheric source of perfluorinated carboxylic acids. Environ Sci Technol 38:3316–3321

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eriksen KT, Sørensen M, McLaughlin JK, Tjønneland A, Overvad K, Raaschou-Nielsen O (2011) Determinants of plasma PFOA and PFOS levels among 652 Danish men. Environ Sci Technol 45:8137–8143

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eskenazi B, Chevrier J, Rauch SA, Kogut K, Harley KG, Johnson C et al (2013) In utero and childhood polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) exposures and neurodevelopment in the CHAMACOS study. Environ Health Perspect 121(2):257–262

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fängström B, Athanassiadis I, Odsjö T, Norén K, Bergman Å (2008) Temporal trend of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and hexabromocyclododecane in milk from Stockholm mothers, 1980–2004. Mol Nutr Food Res 52:187–193

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fei C, McLaughlin JK, Tarone RE, Olsen J (2007) Perfluorinated chemicals and fetal growth: a study within the Danish National Birth Cohort. Environ Health Perspect 115(11):1677–1682

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fraser AJ, Webster TF, McClean MD (2009) Diet contributes significantly to the body burden of PBDEs in the general U.S. population. Environ Health Perspect 117(10):1520–1525

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fraser AJ, Webster TF, Watkins DJ, Nelson JW, Stapleton HM, Calafat AM et al (2012) Polyfluorinated compounds in serum linked to indoor air in office environments. Environ Sci Technol 46:1209–1215

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frederiksen M, Vorkamp K, Knudsen LE, Thomsen M (2009a) Human internal and external exposure to PBDEs—a review of levels and sources. Int J Hyg Environ Health 212:109–134

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frederiksen M, Thomsen M, Vorkamp K, Knudsen LE (2009b) Concentration levels and congener patterns of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in placental tissue of women in Denmark. Chemosphere 76:1464–1469

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frederiksen M, Thomsen C, Frøyshaug M, Vorkamp K, Thomsen M, Becher G et al (2010a) Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in paired samples of maternal and umbilical cord blood plasma and associations with house dust in a Danish cohort. Int J Hyg Environ Health 213:233–242

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frederiksen M, Vorkamp K, Mathiesen L, Mose T, Knudsen LE (2010b) Transplacental transfer of the polybrominated diphenyl ethers BDE-47, BDE-99 and BDE-209 in a human placenta perfusion system. Environ Health 9:32

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fromme H, Tittlemier SA, Völkel W, Wilhelm M, Twardella D (2009) Perfluorinated compounds—exposure assessment for the general population in western countries. Int J Hyg Environ Health 212:239–270

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gascon M, Vrijheid M, Martínez D, Forns F, Grimalt JO, Torrent M et al (2011) Effects of pre- and postnatal exposure to low levels of polybromodiphenyl ethers on neurodevelopment and thyroid hormone levels at 4 years of age. Environ Int 37:605–611

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gascon M, Fort M, Martínez D, Carsin A-E, Forns J, Grimalt JO et al (2012) Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in breast milk and neuropsychological developments in infants. Environ Health Perspect 120(12):1760–1765

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Geyer HJ, Schramm K-W, Darnerud PO, Aune M, Feicht EA, Fried KW et al (2004) Terminal elimination half-lives of the brominated flame retardants TBBPA, HBCD, and lower brominated PBDEs in humans. Organohal Comp 66:3820–3825

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Glynn A, Berger U, Bignert A, Ullah S, Aune M, Lignell S et al (2012) Perfluorinated alkyl acids in blood serum from primiparous women in Sweden: Serial sampling during pregnancy and nursing, and temporal trends 1996–2010. Environ Sci Technol 46:9071–9079

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gomara B, Herrero L, Ramos JJ, Mateo JR, Fernandez MA, Garcia JF et al (2007) Distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in human umbilical cord serum, paternal serum, maternal serum, placentas, and breast milk from Madrid population, Spain. Environ Sci Technol 41:6961–6968

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grimvall E, Rylander L, Nilsson-Ehle P, Nilsson U, Strömberg U, Hagmar L et al (1997) Monitoring of polychlorinated biphenyls in human blood plasma: Methodological developments and influence of age, lactation, and fish consumption. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 32:329–336

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hamm MP, Cherry NM, Chan E, Martin JW, Burstyn I (2010) Maternal exposure to perfluorinated acids and fetal growth. J Expos Sci Environ Epidemiol 20:589–597

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hardy ML (2002) A comparison of the properties of the major commercial PBDPO/PBDE product to those of major PBB and PCB products. Chemosphere 46:717–728

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harley KG, Marks AR, Chevrier J, Bradman A, Sjödin A, Eskenazi B (2010) PBDE concentrations in women’s serum and fecundability. Environ Health Perspect 118(5):699–704

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harley KG, Chevrier J, Schall RA, Sjödin A, Bradman A, Eskenazi B (2011) Association of prenatal exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers and infant birth weight. Am J Epidemiol 174(8):885–892

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harrad S, Diamond M (2006) New directions: Exposure to polybrominated diphenyl etehrs (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs): current and future scenarios. Atmos Environ 40:1187–1188

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harrad S, Wijesekera R, Hunter S, Halliwell C, Baker R (2004) Preliminary assessment of U.K. human dietary and inhalation exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers. Environ Sci Technol 38:2345–2350

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harrad S, de Wit CA, Abdallah MA-E, Bergh C, Björklund JA, Covaci A et al (2010) Indoor contamination with hexabromocyclododecanes, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, and perfluoroalkyl compounds: An important exposure pathway for people? Environ Sci Technol 44:3221–3231

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haug LS, Thomsen C, Becher G (2009) A sensitive method for determination of a broad range of perfluorinated compounds in serum suitable for large-scale human biomonitoring. J Chromatogr A 1216:385–393

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haug LS, Thomsen C, Brantsæter AL, Kvalem HE, Haugen M, Becher G et al (2010) Diet and particularly seafood are major sources of perfluorinated compounds in humans. Environ Int 36:772–778

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haug LS, Huber S, Becher G, Thomsen C (2011) Characterisation of human exposure pathways to perfluorinated compounds—comparing exposure estimates with biomarkers of exposure. Environ Int 37:687–693

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Herbstman JB, Sjödin A, Kurzon M, Lederman SA, Jones RS, Rauh V et al (2010) Prenatal exposure to PBDEs and neurodevelopment. Environ Health Perspect 118(5):712–719

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hoffman K, Adgent M, Goldman BD, Sjödin A, Daniels JL (2012) Lactational exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers and its relation to social and emotional development among toddlers. Environ Health Perspect 120(10):1438–1442

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hölzer J, Göen T, Just P, Reupert R, Rauchfuss K, Kraft M et al (2011) Perfluorinated compounds in fish and blood of anglers at Lake Möhne, Sauerland area, Germany. Environ Sci Technol 45:8046–8052

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Inoue K, Okada F, Ito R, Kato S, Sasaki S, Nakajima S et al (2004) Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and related perfluorinated compounds in human maternal and cord blood samples: assessment of PFOS exposure in a susceptible population during pregnancy. Environ Health Perspect 112(11):1204–1207

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jones PD, Hu W, de Coen W, Newsted JL, Giesy JP (2003) Binding of perfluorinated fatty acids to serum proteins. Environ Toxicol Chem 22(11):2639–2649

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kalantzi OI, Geens T, Covaci A, Siskos PA (2011) Distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and other persistent organic pollutants in human serum from Greece. Environ Int 37:349–353

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Karlsson M, Julander A, van Bavel B, Hardell L (2007) Levels of brominated flame retardants in blood in relation to levels in household air and dust. Environ Int 33:62–69

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kato K, Wong L-Y, Jia LT, Kuklenyik Z, Calafat AM (2011) Trends in exposure to polyfluoroalkyl chemicals in the U.S. population: 1999–2008. Environ Sci Technol 45:8037–8045

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kiviranta H, Ovaskainen M-L, Vartiainen T (2004) Market basket study on dietary intake of PCDD/Fs, PCBs, and PBDEs in Finland. Environ Int 30:923–932

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • La Guardia MJ, Hale RC, Harvey E (2006) Detailed polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congener composition of the widely used penta-, octa- and deca-PBDE technical flame-retardant mixtures. Environ Sci Technol 40:6247–6254

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lau C, Anitole K, Hodes C, Lai D, Pfahles-Hutchens A, Seed J (2007) Perfluoroalkyl acids: a review of monitoring and toxicological findings. Toxicol Sci 99(2):366–394

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee H, Mabury SA (2011) A pilot survey of legacy and current commercial fluorinated chemicals in human sera from United States donors in 2009. Environ Sci Technol 45:8067–8074

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Main KM, Kiviranta H, Virtanen HE, Sundqvist E, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J et al (2007) Flame retardants in placenta and breast milk and crytorchidism in newborn boys. Environ Health Perspect 115(10):1519–1526

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Olsen GW, Burris JM, Ehresman DJ, Froehlich JW, Seacat AM, Butenhoff JL et al (2007) Half-life of serum elimination of perfluorooctanesulfonate, perfluorohexanesulfonate, and perfluorooctanoate in retired fluorochemical production workers. Environ Health Perspect 115(9):1298–1305

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Phillips DL, Perkle JL, Burse VW, Bernert JT, Henderson LO, Needham LL (1989) Chlorinated hydrocarbon levels in human serum: effects of fasting and feeding. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 18(4):495–500

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roosens L, Abdallah MA-E, Harrad S, Neels H, Covaci A (2009) Factors influencing concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in students from Antwerp, Belgium. Environ Sci Technol 43:3535–3541

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roosens L, D’Hollander W, Bervoets L, Reynders H, van Campenhout K, Cornelis C et al (2010) Brominated flame retardants and perfluorinated chemicals, two groups of persistent contaminants in Belgian human blood and milk. Environ Pollut 158:2546–2552

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roze E, Meijer L, Bakker A, van Braeckel KNJA, Sauer PJJ, Bos AF (2009) Prenatal exposure to organohalogens, including brominated flame retardants, influences motor, cognitive and behavioural performance at school age. Environ Health Perspect 117(12):1953–1958

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Savitz DA, Stein CR, Bartell SM, Elston B, Gong J, Shin H-M et al (2012) Perfluorooctanoic acid exposure and pregnancy outcome in a highly exposed community. Epidemiology 23(3):386–392

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schecter A, Päpke O, Tung KC, Joseph J, Harris TR, Dahlgren J (2005) Polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants in the U.S. population: Current levels, temporal trends, and comparison with dioxins, dibenzofurans, and polychlorinated biphenyls. J Occup Environ Med 47(3):199–211

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Staskal D, Hakk H, Bauer D, Diliberto JJ, Birnbaum LS (2006) Toxicokinetics of polybrominated diphenyl ether congeners 47, 99, 100, and 153 in mice. Toxicol Sci 94(1):28–37

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Steenland K, Fletcher T, Savitz DA (2010) Epidemiologic evidence on the health effects of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA). Environ Health Perspect 118(8):1100–1108

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stein CR, Savitz DA, Dougan M (2009) Serum levels of perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctane sulfonate and pregnancy outcome. Am J Epidemiol 170(7):837–846

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stein CR, Wolff MS, Calafat AM, Kato K, Engel SM (2012) Comparison of polyfluoroalkyl compound concentrations in maternal serum and amniotic fluid: a pilot study. Reprod Toxicol 34:312–316

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thomsen C, Liane VH, Becher G (2007) Automated solid-phase extraction for the determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated biphenyls in serum—application on archived Norwegian samples from 1977 to 2003. J Chromatogr B 846:252–263

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thomsen C, Stigum H, Frøshaug M, Broadwell SL, Becher G, Eggesbø M (2010) Determinants of brominated flame retardants in breast milk from a large scale Norwegian study. Environ Int 36:68–74

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thuresson K, Höglund P, Hagmar L, Sjödin A, Bergman Å, Jakobsson K (2006) Apparent half-lives of hepta- to decabrominated diphenyl ethers in human serum as determined in occupationally exposed workers. Environ Health Perspect 114(2):176–181

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tomy GT, Budakowski W, Halldorson T, Helm PA, Stern GA, Friesen K et al (2004) Fluorinated organic compounds in an eastern Arctic marine food web. Environ Sci Technol 38:6475–6481

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vestergaard S, Nielsen F, Andersson A-M, Hjøllund NH, Grandjean P, Andersen HR et al (2012) Associations between perfluorinated compounds and time to pregnancy in a prospective cohort of Danish couples attempting to conceive. Hum Reprod 27(3):873–880

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vestergren R, Cousins IT (2009) Tracking the pathways of human exposure to perfluorocarboxylates. Environ Sci Technol 43:5565–5575

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Viberg H, Fredriksson A, Eriksson P (2003) Neonatal exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE 153) disrupts spontaneous behaviour, impairs learning and memory, and decreases hippocampal cholinergic receptors in adult mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 192:95–106

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vizcaino E, Grimalt JO, Lopez-Espinosa M-J, Llop S, Bebagliato M, Ballester F (2011) Polybromodiphenyl ethers in mothers and their newborns from non-occupationally exposed population (Valencia, Spain). Environ Int 37:152–157

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Voorspoels S, Covaci A, Neels H, Schepens P (2007) Dietery PBDE intake: a market-basket study in Belgium. Environ Int 33:93–97

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vorkamp K (2012) Brominated flame retardants: Biomarkers and human biomonitoring. In: Knudsen LE, Merlo DF (eds) Biomarkers and human biomonitoring. Volume 1: Ongoing programs and exposures. Issues in Toxicology No. 9, Royal Society of Chemistry, UK, pp. 288–321

  • Vorkamp K, Christensen JH, Riget F (2004) Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and organochlorine compounds in biota from the marine environment of East Greenland. Sci Total Environ 331(1–3):143–155

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vorkamp K, Thomsen M, Falk K, Leslie H, Møller S, Sørensen PB (2005) Temporal development of brominated flame retardants in peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus) eggs from South Greenland (1986–2003). Environ Sci Technol 39:8199–8206

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vorkamp K, Thomsen M, Frederiksen M, Pedersen M, Knudsen LE (2011) Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in the indoor environment and associations with prenatal exposure. Environ Int 37:1–10

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Washino N, Saijo Y, Sasaki S, Kato S, Ban S, Konishi K et al (2009) Correlations between prenatal exposure to perfluorinated chemicals and decreased fetal growth. Environ Health Perspect 117(4):660–667

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhu L, Ma B, Hites RA (2009) Brominated flame retardants in serum from the general population in Northern China. Environ Sci Technol 43:6963–6968

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The study was funded by the Danish Environmental Protection Agency by way of the Centre on Endocrine Disruptors. Annegrete Ljungqvist and Birgit Groth are acknowledged for their technical assistance in the laboratory. The technicians at Hans Christian Andersen Children’s Hospital are acknowledged for taking the blood samples. We thank the study participants for their interest in this study.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark

    Katrin Vorkamp

  2. Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsløws Vej 17A, 5000, Odense C, Denmark

    Flemming Nielsen & Tina Kold Jensen

  3. Hans Christian Andersen Children’s Hospital, Odense University Hospital, Sdr. Boulevard 29, 5000, Odense C, Denmark

    Henriette Boye Kyhl & Steffen Husby

  4. Department of Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark

    Lars Bo Nielsen

  5. Department of Clinical Immunology, Odense University Hospital, Sdr. Boulevard 29, 5000, Odense C, Denmark

    Torben Barington

  6. Odense Patient Data Explorative Network, Odense University Hospital, Sdr. Boulevard 29, 5000, Odense C, Denmark

    Torben Barington

  7. Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark

    Anna-Maria Andersson

Authors
  1. Katrin Vorkamp
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Flemming Nielsen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Henriette Boye Kyhl
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Steffen Husby
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Lars Bo Nielsen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Torben Barington
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Anna-Maria Andersson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Tina Kold Jensen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Katrin Vorkamp.

Electronic supplementary material

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary material 1 (DOCX 57 kb)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Vorkamp, K., Nielsen, F., Kyhl, H.B. et al. Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers and Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Serum of Pregnant Women: Levels, Correlations, and Potential Health Implications . Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 67, 9–20 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-013-9988-z

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-013-9988-z

Keywords

Search

Navigation