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In Vitro and Immunological Assessment of the Estrogenic Activity and Concentrations of 17β-Estradiol, Estrone, and Ethinyl Estradiol in Treated Effluent from 45 Wastewater Treatment Plants in Victoria, Australia

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Abstract

The project was conducted between May 2006 and September 2007, and involved the collection of effluent samples from 45 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). The 45 WWTPs included 16 lagoon-based plants and 29 with activated sludge-based processes. Permission was obtained from all the relevant water authorities to collect samples of final effluent at point of discharge to the environment, whether that was to a creek, a river, the ocean, or the land. Samples were collected on two occasions, namely, in August 2006 (winter) and late February–early March 2007 (summer), and subjected to a number of biological and chemical analyses, including toxicity tests, measurement of hormonal (estrogenic) activity using yeast-based bioassays, and measurement of specific hormonal concentrations using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). Almost all of the effluents examined showed estrogenic activity: in winter, no activity to 73 ng/l 17β-estradiol equivalents (EEQ); and in summer, no activity to 20 ng/l EEQ. On the whole, the levels of estrogenic activity observed were comparable with the range recently reported in Australia and New Zealand using human estrogen receptor-based assays (“not detected” to ~10 ng/l EEQ). The low/no bioassay response was confirmed by the chemical assessment of estradiol, estrone, and ethinyl estradiol concentrations by ELISA, which returned concentrations of these compounds for the most part below 10 ng/l.

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Acknowledgments

The research was primarily supported by the Victorian Water Trust (Project 33V-4000) and in part by the Department of Primary Industries (Projects 08271, 08280, and 06889) and the Australian Research Council (Discovery Grant DP0343410). The project team gives its thanks to all the Victorian water authorities who, in one way or another, contributed to the success of this project.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Future Farming Systems Research, Department of Primary Industries, DPI Queenscliff Centre, Queenscliff, VIC, 3225, Australia

    M. Allinson & G. Allinson

  2. Environmental Quality Measurement Section, Research Centre for Environmental Risk, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8506, Japan

    F. Shiraishi

  3. School of Information Systems, Deakin University, P.O. Box 423, Warrnambool, VIC, 3280, Australia

    S. A. Salzman

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  1. M. Allinson
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Allinson, M., Shiraishi, F., Salzman, S.A. et al. In Vitro and Immunological Assessment of the Estrogenic Activity and Concentrations of 17β-Estradiol, Estrone, and Ethinyl Estradiol in Treated Effluent from 45 Wastewater Treatment Plants in Victoria, Australia. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 58, 576–586 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-010-9472-y

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