Abstract
Urinary stones are a common problem in Oman and their composition is unknown. The aim of this study is to analyze the components of urinary stones of Omani patients and use the obtained data for future studies of etiology, treatment, and prevention. Urinary stones of 255 consecutive patients were collected at the Sultan Qaboos University Hospital. Stones were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer. The biochemical, metabolic, and radiological data relating to the patients and stones were collected. The mean age was 41 years, with M:F ratio of 3.7:1. The common comorbidities associated with stone formation were hypertension; diabetes, benign prostate hyperplasia; urinary tract infection; obesity; and atrophic kidney. The common presentation was renal colic and flank pain (96 %). Stones were surgically retrieved in 70 % of patients. Mean stone size was 9 ± 0.5 mm (range 1.3–80). Stone formers had a BMI ≥ 25 in 56 % (P = 0.006) and positive family history of stones in 3.8 %. The most common stones in Oman were as follows: Calcium Oxalates 45 % (114/255); Mixed calcium phosphates & calcium oxalates 22 % (55/255); Uric Acid 16 % (40/255); and Cystine 4 % (10/255). The most common urinary stones in Oman are Calcium Oxalates. Overweight is an important risk factor associated with stone formation. The hereditary Cystine stones are three times more common in Oman than what is reported in the literature that needs further genetic studies.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- CaOx:
-
Calcium oxalates
- CaP:
-
Calcium phosphate
- FT-IRS:
-
Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer
References
Straub M, Hautmann RE (2005) Developments in stone prevention. Curr Opin Urol 15:119–126
Milliner DS (1995) Epidemiology of calcium oxalate urolithiasis in man. In: Khan SR (ed) Calcium oxalate in biological systems. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 169–188
Robertson WG (2003) Renal stones in the tropics. Semin Nephrol 23:77–87
Henderson MJ (1995) Stone analysis is not useful in the routine investigation of renal stone disease. Ann Clin Biochem 32:109–111
Kasidas GP, Samuell CT, Weir TB (2004) Renal stone analysis: why and how? Ann Clin Biochem 41:91–97
Gould N, Hallson PC, Kasidas GP, Samuell CT, Weir TB (1995) Rapid computer-assisted infrared analysis of urinary calculi using photoacoustic detection. Urol Res 23:63–69
Taylor EN, Stampfer MJ, Curhan GC (2005) Diabetes mellitus and the risk of nephrolithiasis. Kidney Int 68:1230–1235
Taylor EN, Curhan GC (2006) Body size and 24-hour urine composition. Am J Kidney Dis 48:905–915
Besiroglu H, Otunctemur A, Ozbek E (2014) The metabolic syndrome and urolithiasis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ren Fail 29:1–6
Knoll T, Schubert AB, Fahlenkamp D, Leusmann DB, Wendt-Nordahl G, Schubert G (2011) Urolithiasis through the ages: data on more than 200,000 urinary stone analyses. J Urol 185:1304–1311
Al-Riyami A, Ebrahim GJ (2003) Genetic blood disorders survey in the Sultanate of Oman. J Trop Pediatr 49(Suppl 1):i1–i20
Bittles AH (2005) Endogamy, consanguinity and community disease profiles. Community Genet 8:17–20
Al-Marhoon MS (2015) Hereditary Kidney Stones. In: Fletcher J (ed) Urolithiasis: symptoms, management and prevention strategies, vol 1. Nova Science Publishers, New York, pp 57–94
Acknowledgments
My thanks to all clinical staff, nurses and research assistants for their support in this research. This work has been financially supported by the Oman Research Council (TRC). The laboratory space and administrative matters have been supported by Sultan Qaboos University.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Al-Marhoon, M.S., Bayoumi, R., Al-Farsi, Y. et al. Urinary stone composition in Oman: with high incidence of cystinuria. Urolithiasis 43, 207–211 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00240-015-0763-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00240-015-0763-7