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Vessel wall MR imaging of central nervous system vasculitis: a systematic review

  • Diagnostic Neuroradiology
  • Published:
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Abstract

Purpose

Beyond vessel wall enhancement, little is understood about vessel wall MR imaging (VW-MRI) features of vasculitis affecting the central nervous system (CNS). We reviewed vessel wall MR imaging patterns of inflammatory versus infectious vasculitis and also compared imaging patterns for intracranial versus extracranial arteries of the head and neck.

Methods

Studies reporting vasculitis of the CNS/head and neck and included MR imaging descriptions of vessel wall features were identified by searching PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane, Web of Science, and EMBASE up to June 10, 2020. From 6065 publications, 115 met the inclusion criteria. Data on study characteristics, vasculitis type, MR details, and VW-MRI descriptions were extracted.

Results

Studies used VW-MRI for inflammatory (64%), infectious (17%), or both inflammatory and infectious vasculitides (19%). Vasculitis affecting intracranial versus extracranial arteries were reported in 58% and 39% of studies, respectively. Commonly reported VW-MRI features were vessel wall enhancement (89%), thickening (72%), edema (10%), and perivascular enhancement (16%). Inflammatory vasculitides affecting the intracranial arteries were less frequently reported to have vessel wall thickening (p = 0.006) and perivascular enhancement (p = 0.001) than extracranial arteries. Varicella zoster/herpes simplex vasculitis (VZV/HSV, 45%) and primary angiitis of the CNS (PACNS, 22%) were the most commonly reported CNS infectious and inflammatory vasculitides, respectively. Patients with VZV/HSV vasculitis more frequently showed decreased or resolution of vessel wall enhancement after therapy compared to PACNS (89% versus 59%).

Conclusions

To establish imaging biomarkers of vessel wall inflammation in the CNS, VW-MRI features of vasculitis accounting for disease mechanism and anatomy should be better understood.

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank Emmanuel C. Obusez, MD, for sharing data and Briana Cervantes, BA, Ju Lu, PhD and Emi Takahashi, PhD, with help with foreign language translation.

Funding

This study was funded by the RSNA Research & Education Foundation (RSCH1929).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA

    Nathan Arnett

  2. Department of Radiology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA

    Athanasios Pavlou, Morgan P. Burke & Jae W. Song

  3. Department of Neurology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA

    Brett L. Cucchiara

  4. Department of Rheumatology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA

    Rennie L. Rhee

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Arnett, N., Pavlou, A., Burke, M.P. et al. Vessel wall MR imaging of central nervous system vasculitis: a systematic review. Neuroradiology 64, 43–58 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00234-021-02724-9

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