Skip to main content
Log in

The Enantiomer of Cholesterol

  • Topical Review
  • Published:
The Journal of Membrane Biology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Cholesterol plays a variety of significant roles in biological systems. However, the mechanisms by which cholesterol functions remain largely unclear. The enantiomer of cholesterol (ent-cholesterol)—which has identical physical properties, but opposite three-dimensional configuration compared to cholesterol—is a unique tool that can be used to better understand the mechanisms of cholesterol function. We review the literature pertaining to ent-cholesterol, focusing in particular on its use in biological studies.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Fig. 4

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • G.H. Addona H.J. Sandermann M.A. Kloczewiak S.S. Husain K.W. Miller (1998) ArticleTitleWhere does cholesterol act during activation of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor? Biochim Biophys. Acta 1370 299–309

    Google Scholar 

  • G.H. Addona H.J. Sandermann M.A. Kloczewiak K.W. Miller (2003) ArticleTitleLow chemical specificity of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor sterol activation site Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1609 177–182

    Google Scholar 

  • K. Agarwal A. Bali C.M. Gupta (1986) ArticleTitleInfluence of the phospholipid structure on the stability of liposomes in serum Biochim. Biophy. Acta 856 36–40

    Google Scholar 

  • E.M. Arnett J.M. Gold (1982) ArticleTitleChiral aggregation phenomena. 4. Search for stereospecific interactions between highly purified enantiomeric and racemic dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholines and other chiral surfactants in monolayers, vesicles, and gels J. Am. Chem. Soc. 104 636–639

    Google Scholar 

  • G. Assmann U. Seedorf (2001) Acid lipase deficiency: Wolman Disease and Cholesteryl Ester Storage Disease C.R. Scriver A.L. Beaudet W.S. Sly D. Valle (Eds) The Metabolic and Molecular Bases of Inherited Diseases McGraw-Hill New York

    Google Scholar 

  • S. Bhakdi J. Tranum-Jensen A. Sziegoleit (1985) ArticleTitleMechanism of membrane damage by streptolysin-O Infect. Immun. 47 52–60

    Google Scholar 

  • J.-F. Biellmann (2003) ArticleTitleEnantiomeric steroids: synthesis, physical and biological properties Chem. Rev. 103 2019–2033

    Google Scholar 

  • K.E. Bloch (1983) ArticleTitleSterol structure and membrane function CRC Crit. Rev. Biochem. 14 47–92

    Google Scholar 

  • R.K. Bortoleto A.H. Oliveira Particlede R. Ruller R.K. Arni R.J. Ward (1998) ArticleTitleTertiary structural changes of the alpha-hemolysin from Staphylococcus aureus on association with liposome membranes Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 351 47–52

    Google Scholar 

  • D.A. Brown E. London (2000) ArticleTitleStructure and function of sphingolipid- and cholesterol-rich membrane rafts J. Biol. Chem. 275 17221–17224 Occurrence Handle10.1074/jbc.R000005200 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXktFalu70%3D Occurrence Handle10770957

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • M.S. Brown J.L. Goldstein (1992) ArticleTitleKoch’s postulates for cholesterol Cell 71 187–188

    Google Scholar 

  • J.J. Cheetham E. Wachtel D. Bach R.M. Epand (1989) ArticleTitleRole of the stereochemistry of the hydroxyl group of cholesterol and the formation of nonbilayer structures in phosphatidylethanolamines Biochemistry 28 8928–8934

    Google Scholar 

  • D.J. Chitwood W.B. Lusby R. Lozano M.J. Thompson J.A. Svoboda (1984) ArticleTitleSterol metabolism in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans Lipids 19 500–506

    Google Scholar 

  • P.T. Clayton K. Mills J.W. Keeling D.R. FitzPatrick (1996) ArticleTitleDesmosterolosis: A new inborn error of cholesterol biosynthesis Lancet 348 404

    Google Scholar 

  • R. Crossley (1995) Chirality and the Biological Activity of Drugs CRC Press Boca Raton

    Google Scholar 

  • C.M. Crowder E.J. Westover A.S. Kumar R.E. Ostlund D.F. Covey SuffixJr. (2001) ArticleTitleEnantiospecificity of cholesterol function in vivo J. Biol. Chem. 276 44369–44372

    Google Scholar 

  • R.A. Demel K.R. Bruckdorfer L.L.M. Deenen ParticleVan (1972a) ArticleTitleThe effect of sterol structure on the permeability of liposomes to glucose, glycerol and Rb+ Biochim. Biophys. Acta 255 321–330

    Google Scholar 

  • R.A. Demel K.R. Bruckdorfer L.L.M. Deenen ParticleVan (1972b) ArticleTitleStructural requirements of sterols for the interaction with lecithin at the air-water interface Biochim. Biophys. Acta 255 311–320

    Google Scholar 

  • R.A. Demel B. DeKruyff (1976) ArticleTitleThe function of sterols in membranes Biochim. Biophys. Acta 457 109–132

    Google Scholar 

  • E.J. Dufourc E.J. Parish S. Chitrakorn I.C.P. Smith (1984) ArticleTitleStructural and dynamical details of cholesterol-lipid interactions as revealed by deuterium NMR Biochemistry 23 6062–6071

    Google Scholar 

  • B. Feng P.M. Yao Y. Li C. Devlin D. Zhang H. Harding M. Sweeny J. Rong G. Kuriakose E.A. Fisher A.R. Marks D. Ron I. Tabas (2003) ArticleTitleThe endoplasmic reticulum as the site of cholesterol-induced cytotoxicity in macrophages Nature Cell Biol. 5 781–792

    Google Scholar 

  • D.R. FitzPatrick J.W. Keeling M.J. Evans A.E. Kan J.E. Bell M.E.M. Porteous K. Mills R.M. Winter P.T. Clayton (1998) ArticleTitleClinical phenotype of desmosterolosis Am. J. Med. Genetics 75 145–152

    Google Scholar 

  • G. Ge J. Wu Q. Lin (2001) ArticleTitleEffect of membrane fluidity on tyrosine kinase activity of reconstituted epidermal growth factor receptor Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 282 511–4

    Google Scholar 

  • M. Geva D. Izhaky D.E. Mickus S.D. Rychnovsky L. Addadi (2001) ArticleTitleStereoselective recognition of monolayers of cholesterol, ent-cholesterol, and epicholesterol by an antibody Chem-biochem. 2 265–271

    Google Scholar 

  • D. Ghosh R.L. Lyman J. Tinoco (1971) ArticleTitleBehavior of specific natural lecithins and cholesterol at the air-water interface Chem. Phys. of Lipids 7 173–184

    Google Scholar 

  • J.L. Goldstein H.H. Hobbs M.S. Brown (2001) Familial hypercholesterolemia C.R. Scriver A.L. Beaudet W.S. Sly D. Valle (Eds) The Metabolic and Molecular Bases of Inherited Diseases McGraw-Hill New York

    Google Scholar 

  • W. Guyer K. Bloch (1983) ArticleTitlePhosphatidyl choline and cholesterol interactions in model membranes Chem. Phys. Lipids 33 313–322

    Google Scholar 

  • Z.G. Hajos D.R. Parrish (1974) ArticleTitleAsymmetric synthesis of bicyclic intermediates of natural product chemistry J. Org. Chem. 39 1615–1621

    Google Scholar 

  • T.R. Harrison (2001) Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine McGraw-Hill New York

    Google Scholar 

  • S. Hartsel J. Bolard (1996) ArticleTitleAmphotericin B: new life for an old drug Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 17 445–449

    Google Scholar 

  • A. Hermetter F. Paltauf (1982) ArticleTitleInteraction of enantiomeric alkylalkyl and diacylglycerophosphocholines with cholesterol in bilayer Membranes Chem. Phys. Lipids 31 283–289

    Google Scholar 

  • W.F. Hieb M. Rothstein (1968) ArticleTitleSterol requirement for reproduction of a free-living nematode Science 160 778–780

    Google Scholar 

  • H. Ikigai A. Akatsuka H. Tsujiyama T. Nakae T. Shimamura (1996) ArticleTitleMechanism of membrane damage by El Tor hemolysin of Vibrio cholerae O1 Infect. Immunity 64 2968–73

    Google Scholar 

  • D. Izhaky L. Addadi (2000) ArticleTitleStereoselective interactions of a specialized antibody with cholesterol and epicholesterol monolayers Chem. Eur. J. 6 869–874

    Google Scholar 

  • X. Jiang D.F. Covey (2002) ArticleTitleTotal synthesis of ent-cholesterol via a steroid C,D-ring side-chain synthon J. Org. Chem. 67 4893–4900

    Google Scholar 

  • R.W. Johnstone A.A. Ruefli M.J. Smyth (2000) ArticleTitleMultiple physiological functions for multidrug transporter P-glycoprotein Trends Biochem. Sci. 25 1–6

    Google Scholar 

  • A.S. Kumar D.F. Covey (1999) ArticleTitleA new method for the preparation of ent-cholesterol from ent-testosterone Tetrahedron Lett. 40 823–826

    Google Scholar 

  • P.E. Kuwabara M. Labouesse (2002) ArticleTitleThe sterol-sensing domain: multiple families, a unique role? Trends Genet. 8 193–201

    Google Scholar 

  • Lalitha, S., Kumar, A.S., Covey, D.F., Stine, K.J. 2001a. Enantiospecificity of sterol-lipid interactions: first evidence that the absolute configuration of the physical properties of cholesterol-sphingomyelin membranes. Chem. Commun (Cambridge, UK) 1192-1193

  • S. Lalitha A.S. Kumar K.J. Stine D.F. Covey (2001b) ArticleTitleChirality in membranes: first evidence that enantioselective interactions between cholesterol and cell membrane lipids can be a determinant of membrane physical properties J. Supramol. Chem. 1 53–61

    Google Scholar 

  • S. Lang M. Palmer (2003) ArticleTitleCharacterization of Streptococcus agalactiae CAMP factor as a pore-forming toxin J. Biol. Chem. 278 38167–38173

    Google Scholar 

  • Y. Li M. Ge L. Ciani G. Kuriakose E.J. Westover P. Miroslav D.F. Covey J.H. Freed F.R. Maxfield J. Lytton I. Tabas (2004) ArticleTitleEnrichment of endoplasmic reticulum with cholesterol inhibits SERCA2b activity in parallel with increased order of membrane lipids J. Biol. Chem. 279 37030–37039

    Google Scholar 

  • N.C. Lu C. Newton E.L.R. Stokstad (1977) ArticleTitleThe requirement of sterol and various sterol precursors in free-living nematodes Nematologica 23 57–61

    Google Scholar 

  • G.D. Luker C.M. Pica A.S. Kumar D.F. Covey D. Piwnica-Worms (2000) ArticleTitleEffects of cholesterol and enantiomeric cholesterol on P-glycoprotein localization and function in low-density membrane domains Biochemistry 39 7651–7661

    Google Scholar 

  • D.A. Mannock T.J. McIntosh X. Jiang D.F. Covey R.N. McElhaney (2003) ArticleTitleEffects of natural and enantiomeric cholesterol on the thermotropic phase behavior and structure of egg sphingomyelin bilayer membranes Biophy. J. 84 1038–1046

    Google Scholar 

  • A.D. Mesecar D.E. Koshland SuffixJr. (2000) ArticleTitleA new model for protein stereospecificity Nature 403 614–5 Occurrence Handle10.1038/47534 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXht1Oru74%3D

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • D.E. Mickus D.G. Levitt S.D. Rychnovsky (1992) ArticleTitleEnantiomeric cholesterol as a probe of ion-channel structure J. Am. Chem. 114 359–60

    Google Scholar 

  • R. Murari M.P. Murari (1986) ArticleTitleSterol orientations in phosphatidylcholine liposomes as determined by deuterium NMR Biochemistry 25 1062–1067

    Google Scholar 

  • G. Ohloff B. Maurer B. Winter W. Giersch (1983) ArticleTitleStructural and configurational dependence of the sensory process in steroids Helv. Chim. Acta 66 192–217

    Google Scholar 

  • T.F. Osborne J.M. Rosenfeld (1998) ArticleTitleRelated membrane domains in proteins of sterol sensing and cell signaling provide a glimpse of treasures still buried within the dynamic realm of intracellular metabolic regulation Curr. Opin. Lipidol. 9 137–140

    Google Scholar 

  • E.J. Prenner R.N. Lewis M. Jelokhani-Niaraki R.S. Hodges R.N. McElhaney (2001) ArticleTitleCholesterol attenuates the interaction of the antimicrobial peptide gramicidin S with phospholipid bilayer membranes Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1510 83–92

    Google Scholar 

  • L.L. Providence O.S. Anderson D.V. Greathouse R.E. Koeppe R. Bittman (1995) ArticleTitleGramicidin channel function does not depend on phospholipid chirality Biochemistry 34 16404–16411

    Google Scholar 

  • R.B. Rawson N.G. Zelenski D. Nijhawan J. Ye J. Sakai M.T. Hasan T.Y. Chang M.S. Brown J.L. Goldstein (1997) ArticleTitleComplementation cloning of S2P, a gene encoding a putative metalloprotease required for intramembrane cleavage of SREBPs Molecular Cell 1 47–57

    Google Scholar 

  • R.K. Richter D.E. Mickus S.D. Rychnovsky T.F. Molinski (2004) ArticleTitleDifferential modulation of the anifungal activity of amphotericin B by natural and ent-cholesterol Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 14 115–118

    Google Scholar 

  • M. Rohnier (1999) ArticleTitleThe discovery of a mevalonate-independent pathway for isoprenoid biosynthesis in bacteria, algae, and higher plants Nat. Prod. Rep. 16 565–574

    Google Scholar 

  • S.D. Rychnovsky D.E. Mickus (1992) ArticleTitleSynthesis of ent-cholesterol, the unnatural enantiomer J. Org. Chem. 57 2731–2736

    Google Scholar 

  • Y.-H. Shim J.H. Chun E.-Y. Lee Y.-K. Paik (2002) ArticleTitleRole of cholesterol in germ-line development of Caenorhabditis elegans Mol. Reprod. Dev. 61 358–366

    Google Scholar 

  • K. Simons E. Ikonen (1997) ArticleTitleFunctional rafts in cell membranes Nature 387 569–72 Occurrence Handle10.1038/42408 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXktFCitrk%3D Occurrence Handle9177342

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • K. Simons D. Toomre (2000) ArticleTitleLipid rafts and signal transduction Mol. Cell Biol. 1 31–41 Occurrence Handle10.1038/35036052 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXivVGjtbo%3D

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • F.A. Sinicrope P.K. Dudeja B.M. Dissonnette A.R. Safa T.A. Brasitus (1992) ArticleTitleModulation of P-glycoprotein-mediated drug transport by alterations in lipid fluidity of rat liver canalicular membrane vesicles J. Biol. Chem. 267 24995–25002

    Google Scholar 

  • C. Sunshine M.G. McNamee (1992) ArticleTitleLipid modulation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor function: the role of neutral and negatively charged lipids Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1108 240–246

    Google Scholar 

  • I. Tabas (2002) ArticleTitleConsequences of cellular cholesterol accumulation J. Clin. Invest. 110 955–961

    Google Scholar 

  • N.M. Teerhuis I.A.M. Huisman M.B. Groen (2001) ArticleTitleSynthesis of ent-19-nortestosterone from its naturally occuring antipode Tetrahedron Lett. 42 2869–2971

    Google Scholar 

  • C. Thiele M.J. Hannah F. Fahrenholz W.B. Huttner (2000) ArticleTitleCholesterol binds to synaptophysin and is required for biogenesis of synaptic vesicles Nature Cell Biol. 2 42–49

    Google Scholar 

  • J.K. Volkman (2003) ArticleTitleSterols in microorganisms Appl. Microbiol. Biotech. 60 495–506

    Google Scholar 

  • A. Weihofen K. Binns M.K. Lembergy K. Ashman B. Martoglio (2002) ArticleTitleIdentification of a signal peptide peptidase, a presenilin-type aspartic protease Science 296 2215–2218

    Google Scholar 

  • E.J. Westover D.F. Covey (2003) ArticleTitleThe first synthesis of ent-desmosterol and its elaboration to ent-deuterocholesterol Steroids 68 159–166

    Google Scholar 

  • E.J. Westover D.F. Covey H.L. Brockman R.E. Brown L.J. Pike (2003) ArticleTitleCholesterol depletion results in site-specific increases in EGF receptor phosphorylation due to membrane level effects: Studies with cholesterol enantiomers J. Biol. Chrm. 278 51125–51133

    Google Scholar 

  • B. Wolozin (2002) ArticleTitleCholesterol and Alzheimer’s disease Biochem. Soc. Trans. 30 525–529

    Google Scholar 

  • W. Xia J. Zhang R. Perez E.H. Koo D.J. Selkoe (1997) ArticleTitleInteraction between amyloid precursor protein and presenilins in mammalian cells: Implications for the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 94 8208–8213

    Google Scholar 

  • P.L. Yeagle (1993) The biophysics and cell biology of cholesterol: An hypothesis for the essential role of cholesterol in mammalian cells L. Finegold (Eds) Cholesterol in Membrane Models CRC Press Boca Raton 1–10

    Google Scholar 

  • A. Zitzer E.J. Westover D.F. Covey M. Palmer (2003) ArticleTitleDifferential interaction of the two cholesterol-dependent, membrane-damaging toxins, streptolysin O and Vibrio cholerae cytolysin, with enantiomeric cholesterol FEBS Lettr 553 229–231

    Google Scholar 

Download references

The authors gratefully acknowledge funding from the Cardiovascular Research Training Grant 55935 (EJW) and GM47969 (DFC)

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to D. F. Covey.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Westover, E.J., Covey, D.F. The Enantiomer of Cholesterol. J Membrane Biol 202, 61–72 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00232-004-0714-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00232-004-0714-7

Keywords

Navigation