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Numerical investigation of water-based nanofluid subcooled flow boiling by three-phase Euler–Euler, Euler–Lagrange approach

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Abstract

A numerical scheme for simulating the subcooled flow boiling of water and water-based nanofluids was developed. At first, subcooled flow boiling of water was simulated by the Eulerian multiphase scheme. Then the simulation results were compared with previous experimental data and a good agreement was observed. In the next step, subcooled flow boiling of water-based nanofluid was modeled. In the previous studies in this field, the nanofluid assumed as a homogeneous liquid and the two-phase scheme was used to simulate its boiling. In the present study, a new scheme was used to model the nanofluid boiling. In this scheme, to model the nanofluid flow boiling, three phases, water, vapor and nanoparticles were considered. The Eulerian–Eulerian approach was used for modeling water–vapor interphase and Eulerian–Lagrangian scheme was selected to observe water-nanoparticle interphase behavior. The results from the nanofluid boiling modeling were validated with an experimental investigation. The results of the present work and experimental data were consistent. The addition of 0.0935 % volume fraction of nanoparticles in pure liquid boiling flow increases the vapor volume fraction at the outlet almost by 40.7 %. The results show the three-phase model is a good approach to simulate the nanofluid boiling flow.

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Abbreviations

A tc :

Fraction of heater area occupied by bubbles

a if :

Interfacial area concentration (m−1)

C p :

Specific heat (J kg−1 K−1)

C w :

Specific heat of the wall (J kg−1 K−1)

d :

Diameter (m)

d B :

Mean bubble diameter in the bulk flow

d w :

Bubble departure diameter on the wall

F lg :

Action of interfacial forces from vapor on liquid (N)

F gl :

Action of interfacial forces from liquid on vapor (N)

f :

Bubble departure frequency (Hz)

α :

Void fraction

G :

Mass flux (kg m−2 s−1)

g :

Gravitational constant (m s−2)

H :

Enthalpy (J kg−1)

h :

Interfacial heat transfer coefficient (J kg−1)

h fg :

Latent heat of evaporation (J kg−1)

k :

Conductivity (W m−2 K−1)

m :

Mass (kg)

N a :

Active nucleation site density (m−2)

Nu :

Nusselt number

P :

Pressure (N m−2)

Pr :

Prantdl number

Q c :

Heat transfer due to forced convective (W m−2)

Q e :

Heat transfer due to evaporation (W m−2)

Q tc :

Heat transfer due to transient conduction (W m−2)

Re :

Reynolds number

T :

Temperature (K)

T sub :

Liquid subcooling temperature (K) = Tsat − T1

T sup :

Wall superheat temperature (K) = Tw − Tsat

T w :

Wall temperature

ΔT :

Difference in temperature (K)

t :

Time (S)

u :

Velocity (m s−1)

υ i :

Specific volume of discrete bubble ith class (m3 kg−1)

y + :

Non-dimensional distance to the wall

μ :

Viscosity (Pa S)

ρ :

Density (kg m−3)

σ :

Surface tension (N m−1)

Γ lg :

Interfacial mass transfer from vapor to liquid (kg m−3 s−1)

Γ gl :

Interfacial mass transfer from liquid to vapor (kg m−3 s−1)

eff :

Effective

g :

Vapor

l :

Liquid

p :

Particle

w :

Wall

CHF:

Critical heat flux

Fig:

Figure

ONB:

Onset of nucleate boiling

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Acknowledgments

The helpful discussion of Dr. Heyhat is highly acknowledged. The authors would like to thank M. Ashrafi and H. Alimoradi for their helpful comments, which have helped the authors in improving the quality of this manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, K.N.Toosi University of Technology, No. 17, Pardis St., Vanak Sq., Tehran, Iran

    Ziba Valizadeh & Mehrzad Shams

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  1. Ziba Valizadeh
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  2. Mehrzad Shams
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Correspondence to Mehrzad Shams.

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Valizadeh, Z., Shams, M. Numerical investigation of water-based nanofluid subcooled flow boiling by three-phase Euler–Euler, Euler–Lagrange approach. Heat Mass Transfer 52, 1501–1514 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00231-015-1675-3

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00231-015-1675-3

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