Abstract
Quality assessment of thermally modified wood has evolved as one of the major fields in the research on thermal modification of wood. This study investigates NIR spectroscopy in combination with the pattern recognition method of soft independent modeling of class analogies (SIMCA). Focus is put on identifying different treatment intensities of thermally modified samples of beech, ash, and Norway spruce. The results indicate that SIMCA classification based on NIR spectroscopy could be used for quality control of thermally modified wood. The method might be applicable for producers (pre-delivery checks) and customers (reception control). However, transfer from laboratory to industrial conditions needs further investigation.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adepipe OE, Dawson-Andoh B, Slahor J, Osborn L (2008) Classification of red oak (Quercus rubra) and white oak (Quercus alba) wood using a near infrared spectrometer and soft independent modelling of class analogies. J Near Infrared Spectrosc 16:49–57
Bächle H, Zimmer B, Windeisen E, Wegener G (2009) Nondestructive evaluation of thermally modified ash by near infrared spectroscopy. In: Proceedings of the 4th European conference on wood modification 27–29 April, 2009 Stockholm, Sweden, pp 173–176
Bächle H, Zimmer B, Windeisen E, Wegener G (2010) Evaluation of thermally modified beech and spruce wood and their properties by FT-NIR spectroscopy. Wood Sci Technol 44:421–433
Brunner M, Eugster R, Trenka E, Bergamin-Strotz L (1996) FT-NIR spectroscopy and wood identification. Holzforschung 50:130–134
Castillo R, Contreras D, Freer J, Ruiz J, Valenzuela S (2008) Supervised pattern recognition techniques for classification of eucalyptus species from leaves NIR spectra. J Chil Soc 53:1709–1713
Esbensen KH (2002) Multivariate data analysis—in practice. An introduction to multivariate data analysis and experimental design, 5th edn. CAMO Process AS, Oslo
Esteves B, Pereira H (2008) Quality assessment of heat-treated wood by NIR spectroscopy. Holz Roh Werkst 66:323–332
Gierlinger N, Schwanninger M, Wimmer R (2004) Characteristics and classification of fourier-transform near infrared spectra of the heartwood of different larch species (Larix sp.). J Near Infrared Spectrosc 12:113–119
Hill C (2006) Wood modification: chemical, thermal and other processes. Wiley series in renewable resources, Wiley, Chichester
Hinterstoisser B, Schwanninger M, Stefke B, Stingl R, Patzelt M (2003) Surface analysis of chemically and thermally modified wood by FT-NIR. In: Acker J, Hill ASC (eds) The first European conference on wood modification: ECWM 2003, Ghent, Belgium, 3–4 April 2003, University Laboratory of Wood Technology, pp 65–70
Savitzky A, Golay EJ (1964) Smoothing and differentiation of data by simplified least squares procedures. Anal Chem 36:1627–1639
Schnabel T, Zimmer B, Petutschnigg AJ (2007) An approach to classify thermally modified hardwoods by colour. Forest Prod J 57(9):105–110
Schwanninger M, Hinterstoisser B (2002) Infrarotspektroskopische Untersuchungen an modifiziertem Holz. In: Institut für Holzforschung (ihf) und der Verband Holzwirte Österreichs—VHÖ (Hg.), Lignovisionen: Modifiziertes Holz: Eigenschaften und Märkte, Band 3, Seiten 149–169
Schwanninger M, Hinterstoisser B, Gierlinger N, Wimmer R, Hanger J (2004) Application of Fourier transform near infrared spectroscopy (FT-NIR) to thermally modified wood. Holz Roh Werkst 62:483–485
So CL, Via B, Groom L, Schimleck L, Shupe T, Kelley S, Rials T (2004) Near infrared spectroscopy in the forest products industry. Forest Prod J 54(3):6–16
Tsuchikawa S (2007) A review of recent near infrared research for wood and paper. Appl Spectrosc Rev 42:43–71
Tsuchikawa S, Hayashi K, Tsutsumi S (1996) Nondestructive measurement of the subsurface structure of biological material having cellular structure by using near-infrared spectroscopy. Appl Spec 50:1117–1124
Tsuchikawa S, Inoue K, Noma J, Hayashi K (2003) Application of near-infrared spectroscopy to wood discrimination. J Wood Sci 49:29–35
Vanden Branden K, Hubert M (2005) Robust classification in high dimensions based on the SIMCA method. Chemometr Intel Lab 79:10–21
Williams P, Norris HK (2001) Near-infrared technology in the agricultural and food sciences. American Association of Cereal Chemists, St. Paul
Windeisen E, Wegener G, Bächle H, Zimmer B (2009) Relations between the chemical changes and mechanical properties of thermally treated wood. Holzforschung 63:773–778
Wold S (1976) Pattern recognition by means of disjoint principal components models. Pattern Recogn 8:127–139
Wold S, Esbensen K, Geladi P (1987) Principal component analysis. Chemometr Intell Lab 2:37–52
Acknowledgments
The investigations were funded by the Austrian Research Promotion Agency (FFG) in the program line “FHplus” (no. 811968).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Bächle, H., Zimmer, B. & Wegener, G. Classification of thermally modified wood by FT-NIR spectroscopy and SIMCA. Wood Sci Technol 46, 1181–1192 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00226-012-0481-z
Received:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00226-012-0481-z