Abstract
Thirty Norway spruce trees (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) from the forest district of the ETH Zurich were tested for bending MOR, static MOE of bending and dynamic MOE (calculated from eigenfrequency and sound velocity). The specimens were clear and were sampled from the whole of the stem. Their correlations to density, annual ring width, height in the tree, distribution over the stem diameter and the percentage of compression wood were statistically analysed. All three elasticity modules and the maximal stress can be very well predicted from a linear function of the sample density with a common gradient across the compression wood values but with different intercepts that decrease with increasing compression wood content. The other variables have highly significant impacts on the response variables too, however, this is largely irrelevant for the goodness of fit. Further, a clear increase of density, of MOE and of bending MOR was measured from pith to bark and similarly with decreasing annual ring width. Concerning the height of the stem, no distinct trend for the mechanical properties could be found.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Arnold M (2004) Holzqualität und Verwendung von Sturmholz (Winddruckstauchungen). Schlussbericht. Lothar – Evaluations- und Grundlagenprojekte, Teilprogramm 3, Wald- und Holzwirtschaft, Projekt WN 24/00, BUWAL/Eidg. Forstdirektion, Bern
DIN 52186 (1978) Prüfung von Holz; Biegeversuch
Glos P, Pahler A (2006) Fichtenstarkholz – Problemsortiment oder Chance? Schweiz Z Forstwes 157:539–545
Görlacher R (1984) Ein neues Messverfahren zur Bestimmung des Elastizitätsmoduls von Holz. Holz Roh- Werkst 42:219–222
Kliger IR, Perstorper M, Johansson G, Pellicane PJ (1995) Quality of timber products from Norway spruce. Part 3. Influence of spatial position and growth characteristics on bending stiffness and strength. Wood Sci Technol 29:397–410
Knigge W, Schulz H (1966) Grundriss der Forstbenutzung. Parey, Hamburg und Berlin, p 584
Kollmann F (1951) Technologie des Holzes und der Holzwerkstoffe. Band 1. 2. Auflage. Springer, Berlin, p 1050
Kollmann F (1978) Schwankungen von Wachstum, Zuwachs und spezifischer Masse (Rohdichte und Raumdichte) bei Hölzern. Holz Roh- Werkst 36:111–119
Machado JS, Cruz HP (2005) Within stem variation of Maritime Pine timber mechanical properties. Holz Roh- Werkst 63:154–159
Mette HJ (1984) Holzkundliche Grundlagen der Forstnutzung. Dt. Landwirtschaftsverlag, Berlin, p 148
Niemz P (1993) Physik des Holzes und der Holzwerkstoffe. DRW-Verlag, Leinfelden-Echterdingen, p 243
Perstorper M, Pellicane PJ, Kliger IR, Johansson G (1995a) Quality of timber products from Norway spruce. Part 1. Optimization, key variables and experimental study. Wood Sci Technol 29:157–170
Perstorper M, Pellicane PJ, Kliger IR, Johansson G (1995b) Quality of timber products from Norway spruce. Part 2. Influence of spatial position and growth characteristics on warp. Wood Sci Technol 29:339–352
Perstorper M, Johansson M, Kliger R, Johansson G (2001) Distortion of Norway spruce timber. Holz Roh- Werkst 59:94–103
Reiter JMG (2005) Fichtenstarkholz (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) – Untersuchungen zur Rundholzqualität und deren Einfluss auf die Schnittholzqualität. Dissertation, TU München
Sonderegger W, Niemz P (2004) The influence of compression failure on the bending, impact bending and tensile strength of spruce wood and the evaluation of non-destructive methods for early detection. Holz Roh- Werkst 62:335–342
Teischinger A, Müller U (2006) Holzeigenschaften von Nadelstarkholz und sein technologisches Potenzial. Schweiz Z Forstwes 157:561–564
Timell TE (1986) Compression wood in gymnosperms, vol 1. Springer, Berlin, p 706
Trendelenburg R (1937) Über Stammwuchsuntersuchungen und ihre Auswertung in der Holzforschung. Holz Roh- Werkst 1:3–13
Volkert E (1941) Untersuchungen über Grösse und Verteilung des Raumgewichts in Nadelholzstämmen. Schriftenreihe der Hermann-Göring-Akademie der Deutschen Forstwissenschaft, Band 2. J.D. Sauerländer’s Verlag, Frankfurt am Main, p 133
Vorreiter L (1937) Bau und Festigkeitseigenschaften des Holzes der Glatzer Schneebergsfichte Thar. Forstl. Jahrbuch 88:65–126, 235–285, 351–385
Vorreiter L (1954) Stammform und Holzeigenschaften der Bayernwald-Fichte. Holz Roh- Werkst 12(2):47–54
Walker JCF (2006): Primary wood processing: principles and practice, 2nd edn. Springer, Dordrecht, p 596
Zobel BJ, Van Buijtenen JP (1989) Wood variation: its causes and control. Springer, Berlin, p 363
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Sonderegger, W., Mandallaz, D. & Niemz, P. An investigation of the influence of selected factors on the properties of spruce wood. Wood Sci Technol 42, 281–298 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00226-007-0173-2
Received:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00226-007-0173-2