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Effects of Physical Exercise on Markers of Cellular Immunosenescence: A Systematic Review

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Abstract

Aging affects negatively the immune system, defined as immunosenescence, which increases the susceptibility of elderly persons to infection, autoimmune disease, and cancer. There are strong indications that physical exercise in elderly persons may prevent the age-related decline in immune response without significant side effects. Consequently, exercise is being considered as a safe mode of intervention to reduce immunosenescence. The aim of this review was to appraise the existing evidence regarding the impact of exercise on surface markers of cellular immunosenescence in either young and old humans or animals. PubMed and Web of Science were systematically screened, and 28 relevant articles in humans or animals were retrieved. Most of the intervention studies demonstrated that an acute bout of exercise induced increases in senescent, naïve, memory CD4+ and CD8+ T-lymphocytes and significantly elevated apoptotic lymphocytes in peripheral blood. As regards long-term effects, exercise induced increased levels of T-lymphocytes expressing CD28+ in both young and elderly subjects. Few studies found an increase in natural killer cell activity following a period of training. We can conclude that exercise has considerable effects on markers of cellular aspects of the immune system. However, very few studies have been conducted so far to investigate the effects of exercise on markers of cellular immunosenescence in elderly persons. Implications for immunosenescence need further investigation.

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Abbreviations

CMV:

Cytomegalovirus

DC:

Dendritic cell

EBV:

Epstein–Barr virus

ER:

Endoplasmic reticulum

Fas:

Fas cell surface death receptor (CD95)

FasL:

Fas ligand

H-AE:

Hypoxic-absolute exercise

H-RE:

Hypoxic-relative exercise

HIV:

Human immunodeficiency virus

HI:

High-intensity strength exercise

ME:

Moderate-intensity exercise

Min:

Minute

NK:

Natural killer

NKG2D:

Tumor cell recognition receptor

NPC:

NK-nasopharyngeal carcinoma

LI-BFR:

Low-intensity strength exercise with blood flow restriction

RCT:

Randomized controlled trial

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

TCR:

T-lymphocyte receptor

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Acknowledgements

Hung Cao Dinh was supported by PhD scholarship from People Committee of Hochiminh City, Vietnam (35-QĐ/BTCTU).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Frailty in Ageing Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium

    H. Cao Dinh, I. Beyer, T. Mets, O. O. Onyema, R. Njemini & I. Bautmans

  2. Gerontology Department, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium

    H. Cao Dinh, T. Mets, O. O. Onyema, R. Njemini & I. Bautmans

  3. Geriatrics Department, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090, Brussels, Belgium

    I. Beyer, T. Mets & I. Bautmans

  4. Laboratory of Hematology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090, Brussels, Belgium

    W. Renmans, M. De Waele, K. Jochmans & S. Vander Meeren

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  1. H. Cao Dinh
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  2. I. Beyer
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Correspondence to I. Bautmans.

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H. Cao Dinh, I. Beyer, T. Mets, O.O.Onyema, R. Njemini, W. Renmans, M. De Waele, K. Jochmans, S. Vander Meeren, I. Bautmans have no conflicts of interest to disclose.

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Cao Dinh, H., Beyer, I., Mets, T. et al. Effects of Physical Exercise on Markers of Cellular Immunosenescence: A Systematic Review. Calcif Tissue Int 100, 193–215 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00223-016-0212-9

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00223-016-0212-9

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