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The multiple process model of goal-directed aiming/reaching: insights on limb control from various special populations

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Abstract

Several years ago, our research group forwarded a model of goal-directed reaching and aiming that describes the processes involved in the optimization of speed, accuracy, and energy expenditure Elliott et al. (Psychol Bull 136:1023–1044, 2010). One of the main features of the model is the distinction between early impulse control, which is based on a comparison of expected to perceived sensory consequences, and late limb-target control that involves a spatial comparison of limb and target position. Our model also emphasizes the importance of strategic behaviors that limit the opportunity for worst-case or inefficient outcomes. In the 2010 paper, we included a section on how our model can be used to understand atypical aiming/reaching movements in a number of special populations. In light of a recent empirical and theoretical update of our model Elliott et al. (Neurosci Biobehav Rev 72:95-110, 2017), here we consider contemporary motor control work involving typical aging, Down syndrome, autism spectrum disorder, and tetraplegia with tendon-transfer surgery. We outline how atypical limb control can be viewed within the context of the multiple-process model of goal-directed reaching and aiming, and discuss the underlying perceptual-motor impairment that results in the adaptive solution developed by the specific group.

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Notes

  1. In the majority of studies covered in this review, the term “older” refers to participants of 60 years plus while “younger” participants are typically under the age of 40 years.

  2. Helsen et al. (2016); cf. Kitchen and Miall 2019) suggested that at least part of the conservative strategy adopted by older adults may be related to a deterioration in proprioceptive sensitivity. It is certainly possible that age-related deterioration in several sensory-motor systems contributes to the play-it-safe aiming strategy generally adopted by older adults.

  3. Professional discourse around disability has typically adopted a person-centered approach, which aims to describe the individual as a person that has a disability rather than a person who is disabled. In recent years, however, there has been a push from within the autism community to alter the use of language so as to take a disability-first approach; that is, to describe autistic individuals rather than persons with autism (Kenny et al. 2016). The fundamental idea is that person-centered language implies that there is a 'typical' person that can be understood as separate from their autism, rather than a person whose life is in part defined by being autistic This position is consistent with the perspectives of the autistic individuals with whom we have worked, and we have accordingly adopted that terminology in this manuscript.

  4. Unlike people with Down syndrome, autistic adults exhibit an anticipatory awareness of their own movements (Glazebrook et al. 2008). This ability along with efficient impulse control suggests adults with autism form and maintain at least some type of representation of impending action.

  5. Mosconi et al. (2015) reported greater force variability in individuals with autism during an isometric force production task. Specifically, variability differences between individuals with and without autism increased with the absolute magnitude of the isometric target force and were more pronounced when visual feedback was disrupted.

  6. This kinematic result was similar to the findings for outward aiming movements of tetraplegics without tendon transfer (e.g., Koshland et al. 2005). The difference of course was that the reaching movements in the Robinson et al. (2010, 2014) work involved the elbow and not the shoulder. In research involving tetraplegia, both with and without tendon transfer surgery, the control group has always been neurotypicals. To our knowledge, the two groups have not been compared to each other.

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Acknowledgements

Preparation of this manuscript was supported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, the Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences (Liverpool John Moores University), and the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 754490-MINDED project.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada

    Digby Elliott, James Lyons & Lawrence E. M. Grierson

  2. Brain and Behaviour Laboratory, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK

    Digby Elliott, James W. Roberts & Simon J. Bennett

  3. Department of Psychology and Human Development, University College London, London, UK

    Spencer J. Hayes

  4. Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, ON, Canada

    James J. Burkitt

  5. School of Physical and Health Education, Nipissing University, North Bay, ON, Canada

    Steve Hansen

  6. Department of Family Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada

    Lawrence E. M. Grierson

  7. Cognition, Motion and Neuroscience Unit, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy

    Nathan C. Foster

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  1. Digby Elliott
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Correspondence to Digby Elliott.

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Communicated by Patrick Haggard.

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Elliott, D., Lyons, J., Hayes, S.J. et al. The multiple process model of goal-directed aiming/reaching: insights on limb control from various special populations. Exp Brain Res 238, 2685–2699 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-020-05952-2

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