Abstract
Weakness is a common symptom of neurological illness, and recovery may occur via restorative or compensatory mechanisms. Functional imaging studies have shown varied patterns of activity in motor areas following recovery from stroke. Movement related potentials (MRP) reflect the activity in primary and non-primary motor areas. We recorded MRPs in association with index finger abduction in six normal volunteers before and after induced weakness of a hand muscle and in six stroke patients with subcortical lesions and weakness affecting the arm. In both groups of subjects the greatest change was observed in the motor potential component of the MRP. On average, the motor potential had its greatest amplitude and duration at the time of the greatest weakness and became smaller with recovery. In artificially-induced weakness, the MRP had an earlier onset latency (P=0.042) and a greater early BP component (P=0.05) for the weakened finger. For the stroke subjects overall, the peak and NS′ amplitudes were largest for the initial study and declined thereafter. Similar but smaller changes were present for movements of the clinically unaffected side. The increased motor potential is therefore consistent with increased activity in the motor cortex, and this may occur as compensation for weakness in both normals and after stroke.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Barrett G, Shibasaki H, Neshige R (1985) A computer-assisted method for averaging movement-related cortical potentials with respect to EMG onset. Electroen Clin Neuro 60:276–281
Barrett G, Shibasaki H, Neshige R (1986) Cortical potentials preceding voluntary movement: evidence for three periods of preparation in man. Electroen Clin Neuro 63:327–339
Becker W, Kristeva R (1980) Cerebral potentials prior to various force deployments. Prog Brain Res 54:189–194
Calautti C, Leroy F, Guincestre J-Y, Baron J-C (2001) Dynamics of motor network overactivation after striatocapsular stroke. Stroke 32:2534–2542
Cao Y, D’Olhaberriague L, Vikingstad E, Levine SR, Welch KMA (1998) Pilot study of functional MRI to assess cerebral activation of motor function after poststroke hemiparesis. Stroke 29:112–122
Cheyne D, Weinberg H (1989) Neuromagnetic fields accompanying unilateral finger movements: premovement and movement-evoked fields. Exp Brain Res 78:604–612
Chollett F, DiPiero V, Wise R, Brooks D, Dolan RJ, Frackowiak RSJ (1991) The functional anatomy of motor recovery after stroke in humans: A study with positron emission tomography. Ann Neurol 29:63–71
Colebatch JG, Gandevia SC (1989) The distribution of muscular weakness in upper motor neuron lesions affecting the arm. Brain 112:749–763
Cramer S, Nelles G, Benson R, Kaplan JD, Parker RA, Kwong KK, Kennedy DN, Finkelstein SP, Rosen BR (1997) A functional MRI study of subjects recovered from hemiparetic stroke. Stroke 28:2518–2527
Cunnington R, Iansek R, Bradshaw JL, Phillips JG (1996) Movement-related potentials associated with movement preparation and motor imagery. Exp Brain Res 111:429–436
Dai TH, Liu JZ, Sahgal V, Brown, RW, Yue GH (2001) Relationship between muscle output and functional MRI-measured brain activation. Exp Brain Res 140:290–300
Deecke L, Scheid P, Kornhuber HH (1969) Distribution of readiness potential, premotion positivity and motor potential of the human cerebral cortex preceding voluntary finger movements. Exp Brain Res 7:158–168
Deecke L, Lang W, Heller HJ, Hufnagl M, Kornhuber HH (1987) Bereitschaftspotential in patients with unilateral lesions of the supplementary motor area. J Neurol Neurosur Ps 50:1430–1434
Feydy A, Carlier R, Roby-Brami A, Bussel B, Cazalis F, Pierot L, Burnod Y, Maier MA (2002) Longitudinal study of motor recovery after stroke. Stroke 33:1610–1617
Gottlieb GL (1993) A computational model of the simplest motor program. J Motor Behav 25:153–161
Hallett M (2001) Functional reorganisation after lesions of the human brain: studies with transcranial magnetic stimulation. Rev Neurol 157:822–826
Ikeda A, Luders HO, Burgess RC, Shibasaki H (1992) Movement-related potentials recorded from supplementary motor area and primary motor area. Brain 115:1017–1043
Jahanshahi M, Jenkins IH, Brown RG, Marsden CD, Passingham RE, Brooks DJ (1995) Self-initiated versus externally triggered movements. I. An investigation using measurement of regional cerebral blood flow with PET and movement-related potentials ion normal and Parkinson’s disease subjects. Brain 118:913–933
Jankelowitz SK, Colebatch JG (2002) Movement-related potentials associated with self-paced, cued and imagined arm movements. Exp Brain Res 147:98–107
Jenkins H, Jahanshahi M, Jueptner M, Passingham, RE, Brooks DJ (2000) Self-initiated versus externally triggered movements II. The effect of movement predictability on regional cerebral blood flow. Brain 23:1216–1228
Johnston J, Rearick M, Slobounov S (2001) Movement-related cortical potentials associated with progressive muscle fatigue in a grasping task. Clin Neurophysiol 112:68–77
Kristeva R, Cheyne D, Lang W, Lindinger G, Deecke L (1990) Movement-related potentials accompanying unilateral and bilateral finger movements with different inertial loads. Electroen Clin Neuro 75:410–418
Kristeva R, Cheyne D, Deecke L (1991) Neuromagnetic fields accompanying unilateral and bilateral voluntary movements: topography and analysis of cortical sources. Electroen Clin Neuro 81:284–298
Kutas M, Donchin E (1974) Studies of squeezing: handedness, responding hand, response force and asymmetry of readiness potential. Science 186:545–548
Marshall R, Perera GM, Lazar RM, Krakauer JW, Constantine RC, DeLaPaz L (2000) Evolution of cortical activation during recovery from corticospinal tract infarction. Stroke 31: 656–661
Nagamine T, Toro C, Balish M, Deuschl G, Wang B, Sato S, Shibasaki H, Hallett M (1994) Cortical magnetic and electric fields associated with voluntary finger movements. Brain Topogr 6:175–183
Nagamine T, Kajola M, Salmelin R, Shibasaki H, Hari R (1996) Movement-related slow cortical magnetic fields and changes of spontaneous MEG and EEG brain rhythms. Electroen Clin Neuro 99:274–286
Neshige R, Luders H, Shibasaki H (1988) Recording of movement-related potentials from scalp and cortex in man. Brain 111:719–736
Oldfield RC (1971) The assessment and analysis of handedness: the Edinburgh inventory. Neuropsychologia 9:97–113
Papa SM, Artieda J, Obeso JA (1991) Cortical activity preceding self-initiated and externally triggered voluntary movement. Movement Disord 6:217–224
Pennisi G, Alagona G, Rapisarda G, Nicoletti F, Costanzo E, Ferri R, Malaguarnera M, Bella R (2002) Transcranial magnetic stimulation after pure motor stroke. Clin Neurophysiol 113:1536–1543
Reddy H, Floyer A, Donaghy M, Matthews PM (2001) Altered cortical activation with finger movement after peripheral denervation: comparison of active and passive tasks. Exp Brain Res 138:484–491
Reddy H, Bendahan D, Lee MA, Johansen-Berg H, Donaghy M, Hilton-Jones D, Matthews PM (2002) An expanded cortical representation for hand movement after peripheral denervation. J Neurol Neurosur Ps 72:203–210
Reding M, Potes E (1988) Rehabilitation outcome following initial unilateral hemispheric stroke. Life table analysis approach. Stroke 19:1354–1358
Shimizu T, Hosaki A, Hino T, Sato M, Komori T, Hirai S, Rossini PM (2002) Motor cortical disinhibition in the unaffected hemisphere after unilateral cortical stroke. Brain 125:1896–1907
Shibasaki H, Barrett G, Halliday E, Halliday AM (1980a) Components of the movement- related cortical potential and their scalp topography. Electroen Clin Neuro 49:213–226
Shibasaki H, Barrett G, Halliday E, Halliday AM (1980b) Cortical potentials following voluntary and passive finger movements. Electroen Clin Neuro 50:201–213
Slobounov SM, Ray WJ, Simon RF (1998) Movement-related potentials accompanying unilateral finger movements with special reference to rate of force development. Psychophysiology 35:537–548
Slobounov S, Rearick M, Chiang H (2000) EEG correlates of finger movements as a function of range of motion and pre-loading conditions. Clin Neurophysiol 111:1997–2007
Slobounov S, Johnston J, Chiang H, Ray W (2002) Movement-related EEG potentials are force or end-effector dependent: evidence from a multi-finger experiment. Clin Neurophysiol 113:1125–1135
Small SL, Hlustik P, Noll DC, Genovese C, Solodkin A (2002) Cerebellar hemispheric activation ipsilateral to the paretic hand correlates with functional recovery after stroke. Brain 125:1544–1557
Tarkka IM, Hallett M (1990) Cortical topography of premotor and motor potentials preceding self-paced, voluntary movement of dominant and nondominant hands. Electroen Clin Neuro 75:36–43
Thickbroom GW, Byrnes ML, Archer SA, Mastaglia FL (2002) Motor outcome after subcortical stroke: MEPs correlate with hand strength but not dexterity. Clin Neurophysiol 113:2025–2029
Toma K, Matsuoka T, Immisch I, Mima T, Waldvogel D, Koshy B, Hanakawa T, Shill H, Hallett M (2002) Generators of movement-related cortical potentials: fMRI-constrained EEG dipole source analysis. NeuroImage 17:161–173
Vaughan HG, Costa LD, Ritter W (1968) Topography of the human motor potential. Electroen Clin Neuro 25:1–10
Ward NS, Brown MM, Thompson AJ, Frackowiak RSJ (2003) Neural correlates of motor recovery after stroke: a longitudinal fMRI study. Brain 126:2476–2496
Weiller C, Chollet F, Friston KJ, Wise RJS, Frackowiak RSJ (1992) Functional reorganisation of the brain in recovery from striatocapsular infarction in man. Ann Neurol 31:463–472
Weiller C, Ramsay SC, Wise RJ, Friston KJ, Frackowiak RS (1993) Individual patterns of functional reorganisation in the human cerebral cortex after capsular infarction. Ann Neurol 33:181–189
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Jankelowitz, S.K., Colebatch, J.G. Movement related potentials in acutely induced weakness and stroke. Exp Brain Res 161, 104–113 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-004-2051-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-004-2051-6