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Development of postural adjustments during reaching in sitting children

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Abstract

We evaluated the development of postural adjustments accompanying reaching movements in sitting children. Twenty-nine typically developing children aged, 2–11 years, and ten adults were studied with multiple surface electromyograms (EMGs) and kinematics during reaching in four conditions: sitting with the seat-surface oriented horizontally with and without an additional task load, and sitting with the seat-surface tilted 15° forward and 15° backward. The development of postural adjustments during reaching in a sitting position turned out to have a non-linear and protracted course, which is not finished by the age of 11 years. The development of these adjustments is characterised by variation, yet specific developmental sequences could be distinguished. Firstly, the development of postural adjustments during reaching from the age of 2 years onwards lacked a preference for an en bloc strategy, which consists of an in concert activation of the direction-specific neck and trunk muscles. Secondly, anticipatory postural muscle activity, which was consistently present in adults, was virtually absent between 2 and 11 years of age. Thirdly, the data demonstrated that with increasing age the head gradually becomes the dominant frame of reference. In addition, the study suggested that, in terms of postural control, the forward-tilted position is the most efficient one.

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Acknowledgements

We thank Prof. Dr. O. F. Brouwer for his critical and valuable remarks on a previous draft of this manuscript. Ms. A.A. Kingma-Balkema and Drs. J.J.A.M. Schaap are kindly acknowledged for the skilful technical assistance. The study was supported by the Johanna KinderFonds (Grant number 19990021), the Dr. W.M. Phelps-Stiching voor Spastici (Grant number 99.058) and the Gratama Stichting/Groninger Universiteits Fonds.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Neurology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

    Jolanda C. van der Heide, Leo A. van Eykern & Mijna Hadders-Algra

  2. Department of Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

    Bert Otten

  3. Developmental Neurology, University Hospital Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ , Groningen, The Netherlands

    Mijna Hadders-Algra

Authors
  1. Jolanda C. van der Heide
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  2. Bert Otten
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  3. Leo A. van Eykern
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  4. Mijna Hadders-Algra
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Correspondence to Mijna Hadders-Algra.

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van der Heide, J.C., Otten, B., van Eykern, L.A. et al. Development of postural adjustments during reaching in sitting children. Exp Brain Res 151, 32–45 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-003-1451-3

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-003-1451-3

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