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Cellphone-based devices for bioanalytical sciences

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Abstract

During the last decade, there has been a rapidly growing trend toward the use of cellphone-based devices (CBDs) in bioanalytical sciences. For example, they have been used for digital microscopy, cytometry, read-out of immunoassays and lateral flow tests, electrochemical and surface plasmon resonance based bio-sensing, colorimetric detection and healthcare monitoring, among others. Cellphone can be considered as one of the most prospective devices for the development of next-generation point-of-care (POC) diagnostics platforms, enabling mobile healthcare delivery and personalized medicine. With more than 6.5 billion cellphone subscribers worldwide and approximately 1.6 billion new devices being sold each year, cellphone technology is also creating new business and research opportunities. Many cellphone-based devices, such as those targeted for diabetic management, weight management, monitoring of blood pressure and pulse rate, have already become commercially-available in recent years. In addition to such monitoring platforms, several other CBDs are also being introduced, targeting e.g., microscopic imaging and sensing applications for medical diagnostics using novel computational algorithms and components already embedded on cellphones. This report aims to review these recent developments in CBDs for bioanalytical sciences along with some of the challenges involved and the future opportunities.

The universal Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT) reader developed at UCLA. It can read various lateral flow assays for point-of-care and telemedicine applications

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Abbreviations

BP:

Blood pressure

CBD:

Cellphone-based device

CE:

Conformité Européenne

ECG:

Electrocardiogram

ELISA:

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

ESH:

European Society of Hypertension

FDA:

Food and Drug Administration

FOV:

Field-of-view

Hb:

Hemoglobin

hsCRP:

High-sensitivity C-reactive protein

IF:

Interstitial fluid

LED:

Light-emitting diode

LFA:

Lateral flow assay

LFI:

Lateral flow immunoassay

mHealthcare:

Mobile Healthcare

MIR:

Mobile image ratiometry

MTP:

Microtiter plate

NFC:

Near-field communication

PCADM-1:

Prostate cancer antigen diagnostic marker 1

PDMS:

Polydimethylsiloxane

PfHRP:

Plasmodium falciparum histidine-rich protein 2

POC:

Point-of-care

QD:

Quantum dot

RBC:

Red blood cells

RDT:

Rapid diagnostic test

RFID:

Radio frequency identification device

RR:

Radar responsive

SNR:

Signal-to-noise ratio

SPR:

Surface plasmon resonance

TSH:

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

β2M:

β2 microglobulin

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Acknowledgments

Ozcan Research Group gratefully acknowledges the support of the Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers (PECASE), Army Research Office (ARO) Life Sciences Division, ARO Young Investigator Award, National Science Foundation (NSF) CAREER Award, NSF CBET Biophotonics Program, NSF EFRI Award, Office of Naval Research (ONR) Young Investigator Award and National Institutes of Health (NIH) Director’s New Innovator Award DP2OD006427 from the Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health. Finally, the authors acknowledge various clinicians working in the field of intensive care for their intellectual support toward this review of future applications of smartphone based diagnostics tools to facilitate better patient monitoring.

Conflict of interest

A.O. is the co-founder of a start-up company (Holomic LLC) which aims to commercialize computational imaging and sensing technologies licensed from UCLA. O.M is currently employed by the same start-up company.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. HSG-IMIT - Institut für Mikro- und Informationstechnik, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110, Freiburg, Germany

    Sandeep Kumar Vashist & Roland Zengerle

  2. Electrical Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA

    Onur Mudanyali & Aydogan Ozcan

  3. Bioengineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA

    Onur Mudanyali & Aydogan Ozcan

  4. California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA

    Onur Mudanyali & Aydogan Ozcan

  5. Sektion Experimentelle Anaesthesiologie, University Hospital Ulm, Albert Einstein Allee 23, 89081, Ulm, Germany

    E. Marion Schneider

  6. Laboratory for MEMS Applications, Department of Microsystems Engineering - IMTEK, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110, Freiburg, Germany

    Roland Zengerle

  7. BIOSS - Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79110, Freiburg, Germany

    Roland Zengerle

Authors
  1. Sandeep Kumar Vashist
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  2. Onur Mudanyali
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  4. Roland Zengerle
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  5. Aydogan Ozcan
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Aydogan Ozcan.

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Published in the topical collection Multiplex Platforms in Diagnostics and Bioanalytics with guest editors Günter Peine and Günther Proll.

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Vashist, S.K., Mudanyali, O., Schneider, E.M. et al. Cellphone-based devices for bioanalytical sciences. Anal Bioanal Chem 406, 3263–3277 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-013-7473-1

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