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Applications of monolithic solid-phase extraction in chromatography-based clinical chemistry assays

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Abstract

Complex matrices, for example urine, serum, plasma, and whole blood, which are common in clinical chemistry testing, contain many non-analyte compounds that can interfere with either detection or in-source ionization in chromatography-based assays. To overcome this problem, analytes are extracted by protein precipitation, solid-phase extraction (SPE), and liquid–liquid extraction. With correct chemistry and well controlled material SPE may furnish clean specimens with consistent performance. Traditionally, SPE has been performed with particle-based adsorbents, but monolithic SPE is attracting increasing interest of clinical laboratories. Monoliths, solid pieces of stationary phase, have bimodal structures consisting of macropores, which enable passage of solvent, and mesopores, in which analytes are separated. This structure results in low back-pressure with separation capabilities similar to those of particle-based adsorbents. Monoliths also enable increased sample throughput, reduced solvent use, varied support formats, and/or automation. However, many of these monoliths are not commercially available. In this review, application of monoliths to purification of samples from humans before chromatography-based assays will be critically reviewed.

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Abbreviations

AP:

Amphetamine

CLB:

Clenbuterol

CV:

Coefficient of variation

EGDMA:

Ethylene glycol dimethacrylate

EPI:

Epinephrine

ESI:

Electrospray ionization

GMA:

Glycidyl methacrylate

LC:

Liquid chromatography

LLE:

Liquid–liquid extraction

LOD:

Limit of detection

LOQ:

Limit of quantification

MA:

Methamphetamine

MAA:

Methacrylic acid

MDA:

3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine

MDMA:

3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine

MET:

Metanephrine

MIP:

Molecularly imprinted polymer

MS:

Mass spectrometry

NORMET:

Normetanephrine

PPT:

Protein precipitation

QC:

Quality control

SPE:

Solid-phase extraction

SPME:

Solid-phase microextraction

UV:

Ultraviolet

WCX:

Weak cation exchange

2D:

Two-dimensional

8-OHdG:

8-Hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine

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No authors declared any potential conflicts of interest.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, 44115, USA

    Dustin R. Bunch & Sihe Wang

  2. Department of Clinical Pathology, Cleveland Clinic, Mail Code LL3-3, 9500 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA

    Dustin R. Bunch & Sihe Wang

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  1. Dustin R. Bunch
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  2. Sihe Wang
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Correspondence to Sihe Wang.

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All authors have contributed to the intellectual content of this paper and have met three requirements:

1. significant contributions to concept and design, acquisition of data, or analysis and interpretation of data;

2. drafting or revision of the article for intellectual content; and

3. final approval of the published article.

Published in the topical collection Monolithic Columns in Liquid Phase Separations with guest editor Luis A. Colon.

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Bunch, D.R., Wang, S. Applications of monolithic solid-phase extraction in chromatography-based clinical chemistry assays. Anal Bioanal Chem 405, 3021–3033 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-013-6761-0

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-013-6761-0

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