Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Hyphenated techniques for the analysis of heparin and heparan sulfate

  • Review
  • Published:
Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The elucidation of the structure of glycosaminoglycan has proven to be challenging for analytical chemists. Molecules of glycosaminoglycan have a high negative charge and are polydisperse and microheterogeneous, thus requiring the application of multiple analytical techniques and methods. Heparin and heparan sulfate are the most structurally complex of the glycosaminoglycans and are widely distributed in nature. They play critical roles in physiological and pathophysiological processes through their interaction with heparin-binding proteins. Moreover, heparin and low-molecular weight heparin are currently used as pharmaceutical drugs to control blood coagulation. In 2008, the health crisis resulting from the contamination of pharmaceutical heparin led to considerable attention regarding their analysis and structural characterization. Modern analytical techniques, including high-performance liquid chromatography, capillary electrophoresis, mass spectrometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, played critical roles in this effort. A successful combination of separation and spectral techniques will clearly provide a critical advantage in the future analysis of heparin and heparan sulfate. This review focuses on recent efforts to develop hyphenated techniques for the analysis of heparin and heparan sulfate.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2 a–e
Fig. 3 a–c
Fig. 4 a–i
Fig. 5 a–c
Fig. 6 a–b
Fig. 7 a–e
Fig. 8 a–b
Fig. 9

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Capila I, Linhardt RJ (2002) Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 41(3):391–412

    Google Scholar 

  2. Olsen SK, Li JY, Bromleigh C, Eliseenkova AV, Ibrahimi OA, Lao Z, Zhang F, Linhardt RJ, Joyner AL, Mohammadi M (2006) Genes Dev 20(2):185–198

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Laremore TN, Zhang F, Dordick JS, Liu J, Linhardt RJ (2009) Curr Opin Chem Biol 13:633–640

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Hacker U, Nybakken K, Perrimon N (2005) Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 6(7):530–541

    Google Scholar 

  5. Tumova S, Woods A, Couchman JR (2000) Int J Biochem Cell Biol 32(3):269–288

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Bernfield M, Gotte M, Park PW, Reizes O, Fitzgerald ML, Lincecum J, Zako M (1999) Annu Rev Biochem 68:729–777

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Petitou M, Herault JP, Bernat A, Driguez PA, Duchaussoy P, Lormeau JC, Herbert JM (1999) Nature 398(6726):417–422

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Wang L, Fuster M, Sriramarao P, Esko JD (2005) Nat Immunol 6(9):902–910

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Guerrini M, Beccati D, Shriver Z, Naggi A, Viswanathan K, Bisio A, Capila I, Lansing JC, Guglieri S, Fraser B, Al-Hakim A, Gunay NS, Zhang Z, Robinson L, Buhse L, Nasr M, Woodcock J, Langer R, Venkataraman G, Linhardt RJ, Casu B, Torri G, Sasisekharan R (2008) Nat Biotechnol 26(6):669–675

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Linhardt RJ (2003) J Med Chem 46(13):2551–2564

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Martin JG, Gupta M, Xu Y, Akella S, Liu J, Dordick JS, Linhardt RJ (2009) J Am Chem Soc 131(31):11041–11048

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Jandik KA, Kruep D, Cartier M, Linhardt RJ (1996) J Pharm Sci 85(1):45–51

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Cohen DM, Linhardt RJ (1990) Biopolymers 30(7–8):733–741

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Rice KG, Kim YS, Grant AC, Merchant ZM, Linhardt RJ (1985) Anal Biochem 150(2):325–331

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Vives RR, Pye DA, Salmivirta M, Hopwood JJ, Lindahl U, Gallagher JT (1999) Biochem J 339(Pt 3):767–773

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Yamada S, Sakamoto K, Tsuda H, Yoshida K, Sugiura M, Sugahara K (1999) Biochem 38(2):838–847

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Chuang WL, McAllister H, Rabenstein L (2001) J Chromatogr A 932(1–2):65–74

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Hileman RE, Smith AE, Toida T, Linhardt RJ (1997) Glycobiology 7(2):231–239

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Pervin A, Gallo C, Jandik KA, Han XJ, Linhardt RJ (1995) Glycobiology 5(1):83–95

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Zhang F, Zhang Z, Lin X, Beenken A, Eliseenkova AV, Mohammadi M, Linhardt RJ (2009) Biochem 48(35):8379–8386

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Zhang Z, Li B, Suwan J, Zhang F, Wang Z, Liu H, Mulloy B, Linhardt RJ (2009) J Pharm Sci 98(11):4017–4026

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Rice KG, Rottink MK, Linhardt RJ (1987) Biochem J 244(3):515–522

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Volpi N, Maccari F, Linhardt RJ (2009) Anal Biochem 388(1):140–145

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Volpi N, Maccari F, Linhardt RJ (2008) Electrophoresis 29(15):3095–3106

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Eldridge SL, Higgins LA, Dickey BJ, Larive CK (2009) Anal Chem 81(17):7406–7415

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Bigler P, Brenneisen R (2009) J Pharm Biomed Anal 49(4):1060–1064

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Chai W, Hounsell EF, Bauer CJ, Lawson AM (1995) Carbohydr Res 269(1):139–156

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Chai W, Luo J, Lim CK, Lawson AM (1998) Anal Chem 70(10):2060–2066

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Zaia J, Costello CE (2001) Anal Chem 73(2):233–239

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Zaia J, Costello CE (2003) Anal Chem 75(10):2445–2455

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Linhardt RJ, Rice KG, Kim YS, Engelken JD, Weiler JM (1988) J Biol Chem 263(26):13090–13096

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Kitagawa H, Kinoshita A, Sugahara K (1995) Anal Biochem 232(1):114–121

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Kinoshita A, Sugahara K (1999) Anal Biochem 269(2):367–378

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Yamada S, Morimoto H, Fujisawa T, Sugahara K (2007) Glycobiology 17(8):886–894

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Lv H, Yu G, Sun L, Zhang Z, Zhao X, Chai W (2007) Oncology 72(5–6):347–356

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Skidmore MA, Guimond SE, Dumax-Vorzet AF, Atrih A, Yates EA, Turnbull JE (2006) J Chromatogr A 1135(1):52–56

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Skidmore M, Atrih A, Yates E, Turnbull JE (2009) Meth Mol Biol 534:157–169

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Adamo M, Qiu D, Dick LW Jr, Zeng M, Lee AH, Cheng KC (2009) J Pharm Biomed Anal 49(2):181–192

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Finke B, Stahl B, Pfenninger A, Karas M, Daniel H, Sawatzki G (1999) Anal Chem 71(17):3755–3762

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Stadheim TA, Li H, Kett W, Burnina IN, Gerngross TU (2008) Nat Protoc 3(6):1026–1031

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Whitfield DM, Stojkovski S, Pang H, Baptista J, Sarkar B (1991) Anal Biochem 194(2):259–267

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Ander B, Karlsson A, Ohrlund A (2001) J Chromatogr A 917(1–2):105–110

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Campo GM, Campo S, Ferlazzo AM, Vinci R, Calatroni A (2001) J Chromatogr B 765(2):151–160

    Google Scholar 

  44. Bultel L, Landoni M, Grand E, Couto AS, Kovensky J (2010) J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 21(1):178–190

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Deakin JA, Lyon M (2008) Glycobiology 18(6):483–491

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Studelska DR, Giljum K, McDowell LM, Zhang L (2006) Glycobiology 16(1):65–72

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Mason KE, Meikle PJ, Hopwood JJ, Fuller M (2006) Anal Chem 78(13):4534–4542

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Ramsay SL, Meikle PJ, Hopwood JJ (2003) Mol Genet Metab 78(3):193–204

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Crawley A, Ramsay SL, Byers S, Hopwood J, Meikle PJ (2004) Pediatr Res 55(4):585–591

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Cecchi T, Passamonti P (2009) J Chromatogr A 1216(10):1789–1797

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Cecchi T, Pucciarelli F, Passamonti P (2001) Anal Chem 73(11):2632–2639

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Karamanos NK, Vanky P, Tzanakakis GN, Tsegenidis T, Hjerpe A (1997) J Chromatogr A 765(2):169–179

    Google Scholar 

  53. Thanawiroon C, Linhardt RJ (2003) J Chromatogr A 1014(1–2):215–223

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Toyoda H, Yamamoto H, Ogino N, Toida T, Imanari T (1999) J Chromatogr A 830(1):197–201

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Toyoda H, Nagashima T, Hirata R, Toida T, Imanari T (1997) J Chromatogr B 704(1–2):19–24

    Google Scholar 

  56. Sinnis P, Coppi A, Toida T, Toyoda H, Kinoshita-Toyoda A, Xie J, Kemp MM, Linhardt RJ (2007) J Biol Chem 282(35):25376–25384

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Toyoda H, Kinoshita-Toyoda A, Fox B, Selleck SB (2000) J Biol Chem 275(29):21856–21861

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Toyoda H, Kinoshita-Toyoda A, Selleck SB (2000) J Biol Chem 275(4):2269–2275

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Ha YW, Jeon BT, Moon SH, Toyoda H, Toida T, Linhardt RJ, Kim YS (2005) Carbohydr Res 340(3):411–416

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Vongchan P, Warda M, Toyoda H, Toida T, Marks RM, Linhardt RJ (2005) Biochim Biophys Acta 1721(1–3):1–8

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Linhardt RJ, Gu KN, Loganathan D, Carter SR (1989) Anal Biochem 181(2):288–296

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Warda M, Toida T, Zhang F, Sun P, Munoz E, Xie J, Linhardt RJ (2006) Glycoconj J 23(7–8):555–563

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Patel RP, Narkowicz C, Jacobson GA (2009) Anal Biochem 387(1):113–121

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Thanawiroon C, Rice KG, Toida T, Linhardt RJ (2004) J Biol Chem 279(4):2608–2615

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Zhang Z, Xie J, Liu H, Liu J, Linhardt RJ (2009) Anal Chem 81(11):4349–4355

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Kuberan B, Lech M, Zhang L, Wu ZL, Beeler DL, Rosenberg RD (2002) J Am Chem Soc 124(29):8707–8718

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Volpi N, Linhardt RJ (2010) Nat Protoc 5(6):993–1004

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Storm T, Reemtsma T, Jekel M (1999) J Chromatogr A 854(1–2):175–185

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Conboy JJ, Henion JD, Martin MW, Zweigenbaum JA (1990) Anal Chem 62(8):800–807

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Witters E, Van Dongen W, Esmans EL, Van Onckelen HA (1997) J Chromatogr B 694(1):55–63

    Google Scholar 

  71. Zhang F, Zhang Z, Thistle R, McKeen L, Hosoyama S, Toida T, Linhardt RJ, Page-McCaw P (2009) Glycoconj J 26(2):211–218

    Google Scholar 

  72. Swartz ME (2005) J Liq Chromatogr R T 28(7):1253–1263

    Google Scholar 

  73. MacNair JE, Lewis KC, Jorgenson JW (1997) Anal Chem 69(6):983–989

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Korir AK, Limtiaco JF, Gutierrez SM, Larive CK (2008) Anal Chem 80(4):1297–1306

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Eldridge SL, Korir AK, Gutierrez SM, Campos F, Limtiaco JF, Larive CK (2008) Carbohydr Res 343(17):2963–2970

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Doneanu CE, Chen W, Gebler JC (2009) Anal Chem 81(9):3485–3499

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Jones CJ, Membreno N, Larive CK (2010) J Chromatogr A 1217(4):479–488

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Royle L, Roos A, Harvey DJ, Wormald MR, van Gijlswijk-Janssen D, Redwan E-RM, Wilson IA, Daha MR, Dwek RA, Rudd PM (2003) J Biol Chem 278(22):20140–20153

    Google Scholar 

  79. Thomsson KA, Karlsson NG, Hansson GC (1999) J Chromatogr A 854(1–2):131–139

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Naimy H, Leymarie N, Bowman MJ, Zaia J (2008) Biochem 47(10):3155–3161

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Hitchcock AM, Yates KE, Costello CE, Zaia J (2008) Proteomics 8(7):1384–1397

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Staples GO, Bowman MJ, Costello CE, Hitchcock AM, Lau JM, Leymarie N, Miller C, Naimy H, Shi X, Zaia J (2009) Proteomics 9(3):686–695

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Staples GO, Naimy H, Yin H, Kileen K, Kraiczek K, Costello CE, Zaia J (2010) Anal Chem 82(2):516–522

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Hemstrom P, Irgum K (2006) J Sep Sci 29(12):1784–1821

    Google Scholar 

  85. Zaia J (2009) Mass Spectrom Rev 28(2):254–272

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Oguma T, Toyoda H, Toida T, Imanari T (2001) J Chromatogr B 754(1):153–159

    Google Scholar 

  87. Mao W, Thanawiroon C, Linhardt RJ (2002) Biomed Chromatogr 16(2):77–94

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Somsen GW, Tak YH, Torano JS, Jongen PM, de Jong GJ (2009) J Chromatogr A 1216(18):4107–4112

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Patel RP, Narkowicz C, Hutchinson JP, Hilder EF, Jacobson GA (2008) J Pharm Biomed Anal 46(1):30–35

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Desai UR, Wang H, Ampofo SA, Linhardt RJ (1993) Anal Biochem 213(1):120–127

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Pervin A, Al-Hakim A, Linhardt RJ (1994) Anal Biochem 221(1):182–188

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Ruiz-Calero V, Puignou L, Galceran MT (2003) J Chromatogr B 791(1–2):193–202

    Google Scholar 

  93. Militsopoulou M, Lamari FN, Hjerpe A, Karamanos NK (2002) Electrophoresis 23(7–8):1104–1109

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. el Rassi Z, Postlewait J, Mechref Y, Ostrander GK (1997) Anal Biochem 244(2):283–290

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Hitchcock AM, Bowman MJ, Staples GO, Zaia J (2008) Electrophoresis 29(22):4538–4548

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Duteil S, Gareil P, Girault S, Mallet A, Feve C, Siret L (1999) Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 13(19):1889–1898

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Ruiz-Calero V, Moyano E, Puignou L, Galceran MT (2001) J Chromatogr A 914(1–2):277–291

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Gunay NS, Linhardt RJ (2003) J Chromatogr A 1014(1–2):225–233

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Zamfir A, Seidler DG, Kresse H, Peter-Katalinic J (2002) Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 16(21):2015–2024

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Kuhn AV, Ruttinger HH, Neubert RH, Raith K (2003) Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 17(6):576–582

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Fermas S, Gonnet F, Varenne A, Gareil P, Daniel R (2007) Anal Chem 79(13):4987–4993

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Fermas S, Gonnet F, Sutton A, Charnaux N, Mulloy B, Du Y, Baleux F, Daniel R (2008) Glycobiology 18(12):1054–1064

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Linhardt RJ, Wang HM, Loganathan D, Lamb DJ, Mallis LM (1992) Carbohydr Res 225(1):137–145

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Mallis LM, Wang HM, Loganathan D, Linhardt RJ (1989) Anal Chem 61(13):1453–1458

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Kumar V, Hassan MI, Kashav T, Singh TP, Yadav S (2008) Mol Reprod Dev 75(12):1767–1774

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Ori A, Free P, Courty J, Wilkinson MC, Fernig DG (2009) Mol Cell Proteomics 8(10):2256–2265

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Laremore TN, Murugesan S, Park TJ, Avci FY, Zagorevski DV, Linhardt RJ (2006) Anal Chem 78(6):1774–1779

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Laremore TN, Linhardt RJ (2007) Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 21(7):1315–1320

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Laremore TN, Zhang F, Linhardt RJ (2007) Anal Chem 79(4):1604–1610

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Tissot B, Gasiunas N, Powell AK, Ahmed Y, Zhi ZL, Haslam SM, Morris HR, Turnbull JE, Gallagher JT, Dell A (2007) Glycobiology 17(9):972–982

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Yu G, Zhao X, Yang B, Ren S, Guan H, Zhang Y, Lawson AM, Chai W (2006) Anal Chem 78(24):8499–8505

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Yang B, Yu G, Zhao X, Jiao G, Ren S, Chai W (2009) FEBS J 276(7):2125–2137

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Ii T, Kubota M, Okuda S, Hirano T, Ohashi M (1995) Glycoconj J 12(2):162–172

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Behr JR, Matsumoto Y, White FM, Sasisekharan R (2005) Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 19(18):2553–2562

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Saad OM, Leary JA (2003) Anal Chem 75(13):2985–2995

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Chi L, Amster J, Linhardt RJ (2005) Curr Anal Chem 1(1):223–240

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Zhang Z, Linhardt RJ (2009) Curr Anal Chem 5(3):225-237

    Google Scholar 

  118. Zaia J (2004) Mass Spectrom Rev 23(3):161–227

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Saad OM, Leary JA (2005) Anal Chem 77(18):5902–5911

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Wolff JJ, Amster IJ, Chi L, Linhardt RJ (2007) J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 18(2):234–244

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Wolff JJ, Laremore TN, Busch AM, Linhardt RJ, Amster IJ (2008) J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 19(6):790–798

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Wolff JJ, Laremore TN, Aslam H, Linhardt RJ, Amster IJ (2008) J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 19(10):1449–1458

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Wolff JJ, Chi L, Linhardt RJ, Amster IJ (2007) Anal Chem 79(5):2015–2022

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Wolff JJ, Leach FE 3rd, Laremore TN, Kaplan DA, Easterling ML, Linhardt RJ, Amster IJ (2010) Anal Chem 82(9):3460–3466

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Iacomini M, Casu B, Guerrini M, Naggi A, Pirola A, Torri G (1999) Anal Biochem 274(1):50–58

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Yates EA, Santini F, Guerrini M, Naggi A, Torri G, Casu B (1996) Carbohydr Res 294:15–27

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Mulloy B, Mourao PA, Gray E (2000) J Biotechnol 77(1):123–135

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Hricovini M, Guerrini M, Bisio A, Torri G, Petitou M, Casu B (2001) Biochem J 359(Pt 2):265–272

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Olson DL, Norcross JA, O’Neil-Johnson M, Molitor PF, Detlefsen DJ, Wilson AG, Peck TL (2004) Anal Chem 76(10):2966–2974

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Webb AG (2006) Ann Rep NMR Spectrosc 58:1–50

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Spraul M, Freund AS, Nast RE, Withers RS, Maas WE, Corcoran O (2003) Anal Chem 75(6):1536–1541

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Lacey ME, Subramanian R, Olson DL, Webb AG, Sweedler JV (1999) Chem Rev 99(10):3133–3152

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Behnke B, Schlotterbeck G, Tallarek U, Strohschein S, Tseng L-H, Keller T, Albert K, Bayer E (1996) Anal Chem 68(7):1110–1115

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Wu N, Peck TL, Webb AG, Magin RL, Sweedler JV (1994) J Am Chem Soc 116(17):7929–7930

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Guerrini M, Raman R, Venkataraman G, Torri G, Sasisekharan R, Casu B (2002) Glycobiology 12(11):713–719

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. Korir AK, Almeida VK, Malkin DS, Larive CK (2005) Anal Chem 77(18):5998–6003

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Korir AK, Larive CK (2007) Anal Bioanal Chem 388(8):1707–1716

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. Limtiaco JF, Jones CJ, Larive CK (2009) Anal Chem 81(24):10116–10123

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors thank the NIH for supporting this work with grants GM38060, GM090257, HL096972, and HL101721.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA

    Bo Yang, Kemal Solakyildirim, Yuqing Chang & Robert J. Linhardt

Authors
  1. Bo Yang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Kemal Solakyildirim
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Yuqing Chang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Robert J. Linhardt
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Robert J. Linhardt.

Additional information

Published in the special issue on Heparin Characterization with Guest Editor Cynthia K. Larive.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Yang, B., Solakyildirim, K., Chang, Y. et al. Hyphenated techniques for the analysis of heparin and heparan sulfate. Anal Bioanal Chem 399, 541–557 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-010-4117-6

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-010-4117-6

Keywords

Search

Navigation