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Time course of expression of the retinoid X receptor gene and induction of imposex in the rock shell, Thais clavigera, exposed to triphenyltin chloride

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Abstract

To examine the role of the retinoid X receptor (RXR) in the development of imposex in gastropods, we investigated the time course of expression of the RXR gene in various tissues (ctenidium, ovary or testis, digestive gland, penis-forming area or penis, and head ganglia) of female and male rock shells (Thais clavigera) exposed to triphenyltin (TPT) in a flow-through exposure system for 3 months. Accumulations of TPT in tissues were clearly observed in exposed individuals, whereas no accumulation of TPT was observed in the control groups. In females, 3-month exposure to TPT resulted in the development of imposex, and penis lengths in imposex-exhibiting females were significantly longer in small females (shell height <20 mm) than in large females (shell height ≥20 mm). RXR gene expression in the ovary, penis-forming area or penis, and head ganglia of females exposed for 3 months was significantly higher than expression in control females, and the highest RXR gene expression was found in the penis-forming area or penis. Moreover, RXR gene expression in the penis-forming area or penis of each female exposed to TPT seemed to be associated with an increase in penis length. In males, the ratio of penis length to shell height was significantly larger in the exposed groups than in the controls. Although RXR gene expression in males exposed for 3 months was not significantly higher than expression in control males in any tissues, the highest gene expression was observed in the penis of exposed males. These results suggest that RXR plays an important role in the development of male genitalia (i.e., penis and vas deferens) in gastropods, although RXR might also have other physiological functions.

Relationships between average penis length and RXR gene expression in penis-forming area/penis and ovary of female rock shells exposed to 500 ng/L of triphenyltin chloride (TPTCl) for 3 months in a flow-through system. TPT, triphenyltin. Bars in the upper and middle figures represent normalized RXR gene expression in ovary and penis-forming area/penis of females exposed to TPTCl, respectively. Dots or symbols in the bottom figure represent measured values of penis length of each female in the respective composite samples. RXR gene expression in the penis-forming area or penis of each female exposed to TPT seems to be associated with an increase in penis length, however, that in ovary does not.

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Acknowledgment

This work was supported partly by Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (Scientific Research [B], no. 17380121).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Research Center for Environmental Risk, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8506, Japan

    Toshihiro Horiguchi, Tomohiro Nishikawa, Hiroaki Shiraishi & Masatoshi Morita

  2. Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori, Tottori, 680-8550, Japan

    Yasuhiko Ohta

  3. Faculty of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-8566, Japan

    Masatoshi Morita

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  1. Toshihiro Horiguchi
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  2. Tomohiro Nishikawa
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  5. Masatoshi Morita
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Correspondence to Toshihiro Horiguchi.

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Horiguchi, T., Nishikawa, T., Ohta, Y. et al. Time course of expression of the retinoid X receptor gene and induction of imposex in the rock shell, Thais clavigera, exposed to triphenyltin chloride. Anal Bioanal Chem 396, 597–607 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-009-3230-x

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