Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Mass spectrometric approaches in impaired driving toxicology

  • Review
  • Published:
Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Driving under the influence of prescribed or illegal drugs increases the risk of having road accidents, just like driving under the influence of alcohol. In forensic toxicology, an increasing number of blood samples must be analyzed for drugs. Immunoassays tailored for a limited number of drugs (of abuse) are usually applied as prescreening tests at the roadside and/or in the laboratory. However, many other common drugs, such as anesthetics, antidepressants, antiepileptics, antihistamines, newer designer drugs, herbal drugs, neuroleptics (antipsychotics), opioids, or sedative-hypnotics, can also impair drivers. Therefore, this paper reviews multianalyte single-stage and tandem gas or liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS or LC-MS) procedures for the screening, identification, and validated quantification of such drugs in blood that have been reported since 2003. Basic information about the biosample assayed, workup, chromatography, the mass spectral detection mode, and validation data is summarized in tables. The pros and cons of the reviewed procedures are critically discussed, particularly with respect to their probable usefulness in impaired driving toxicology.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Smink BE, Movig KL, Lusthof KJ, de Gier JJ, Uges DR, Egberts AC (2008) Traffic Inj Prev 9:105–108

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Jones AW, Holmgren A, Kugelberg FC (2007) Ther Drug Monit 29:248–260

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Augsburger M, Donze N, Menetrey A, Brossard C, Sporkert F, Giroud C, Mangin P (2005) Forensic Sci Int 153:11–15

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Longo MC, Hunter CE, Lokan RJ, White JM, White MA (2000) Accid Anal Prev 32:623–632

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. The International Council on Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety (2007) Guidelines for drugged driving research. http://international.drugabuse.gov/information/PDFs/TalloiresReport.pdf. Last accessed 13 August 2008

  6. Schweizerische Fachstelle fuer Alkohol- und andere Drogenprobleme (2007) Alkohol, illegale Drogen und Medikamente im Strassenverkehr. http://www.sfa-ispa.ch/DocUpload/di_strassenverkehr.pdf. Last accessed 13 August 2008

  7. Toennes SW, Kauert GF, Steinmeyer S, Moeller MR (2005) Forensic Sci Int 152:149–155

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Logan BK (2007) Toxicological considerations in impaired driving research and enforcement: sample selection. In: The International Council on Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety (ed) Guidelines for drugged driving research. ICADTS, Nydalen, Norway, pp 17–22 (see http://international.drugabuse.gov/information/PDFs/TalloiresReport.pdf, last accessed 13 August 2008)

  9. Farrell LJ, Kerrigan S, Logan BK (2007) J Forensic Sci 52:1214–1218

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Moeller MR, Kraemer T (2002) Ther Drug Monit 24:210–221

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Steinmeyer S, Ohr H, Maurer HJ, Moeller MR (2001) Forensic Sci Int 121:33–36

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Crouch DJ, Walsh JM, Cangianelli L, Quintela O (2008) Ther Drug Monit 30:188–195

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Drummer OH (2008) Ther Drug Monit 30:203–206

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Lillsunde P (2008) Ther Drug Monit 30:181–187

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Pil K, Verstraete A (2008) Ther Drug Monit 30:196–202

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Maurer HH (2007) Anal Bioanal Chem 388:1315–1325

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Samyn N, Laloup M, de Boeck G (2007) Anal Bioanal Chem 388:1437–1453

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Drummer OH (2006) Clin Biochem Rev 27:147–159

    Google Scholar 

  19. Maurer HH (2006) J Mass Spectrom 41:1399–1413

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Pragst F, Balikova MA (2006) Clin Chim Acta 370:17–49

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Maurer HH (2004) Clin Chem Lab Med 42:1310–1324

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Kraemer T, Paul LD (2007) Anal Bioanal Chem 388:1415–1435

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Schwilke EW, Sampaio dos Santos MI, Logan BK (2006) J Forensic Sci 51:1191–1198

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Kroener L, Musshoff F, Madea B (2003) J Anal Toxicol 27:205–212

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Maurer HH (2005) Anal Bioanal Chem 381:110–118

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Maurer HH (2005) Clin Biochem 38:310–318

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Drummer OH (2007) Anal Bioanal Chem 388:1495–1503

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Dams R, Huestis MA, Lambert WE, Murphy CM (2003) J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 14:1290–1294

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Wille SM, Lambert WE (2007) Anal Bioanal Chem 388:1381–1391

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Pragst F (2007) Anal Bioanal Chem 388:1393–1414

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Hoja H, Marquet P, Verneuil B, Lotfi H, Penicaut B, Lachatre G (1997) J Anal Toxicol 21:116–126

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Moeller MR, Steinmeyer S, Kraemer T (1998) J Chromatogr B 713:91–109

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Maurer HH (1998) J Chromatogr B 713:3–25

    Google Scholar 

  34. Van Bocxlaer JF, Clauwaert KM, Lambert WE, Deforce DL, Van den Eeckhout EG, De Leenheer AP (2000) Mass Spectrom Rev 19:165–214

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Marquet P (2002) Ther Drug Monit 24:255–276

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Hernandez F, Sancho JV, Pozo OJ (2005) Anal Bioanal Chem 382:934–946

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Maurer HH (2005) Ann Toxicol Anal 17:13–20

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Wood M, Laloup M, Samyn N, Mar Ramirez FM, De Bruijn EA, Maes RA, de Boeck G (2006) J Chromatogr A 1130:3–15

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Peters FT, Maurer HH (2002) Accred Qual Assur 7:441–449

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Peters FT, Drummer OH, Musshoff F (2007) Forensic Sci Int 165:216–224

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Lindner W, Wainer IW (1998) J Chromatogr B 707:1–2

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Maurer HH (2007) Forensic screening with GC-MS. In: Bogusz M (ed) Handbook of analytical separation sciences: forensic sciences, 2nd edn. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 429–449

  43. Maurer HH, Pfleger K, Weber AA (2007) Mass spectral and GC data of drugs, poisons, pesticides, pollutants and their metabolites. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim

    Google Scholar 

  44. Mueller CA, Weinmann W, Dresen S, Schreiber A, Gergov M (2005) Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 19:1332–1338

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Sauvage FL, Saint-Marcous F, Duretz B, Deporte D, Lachatre G, Marquet P (2006) Clin Chem 52:1735–1742

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Gunnar T, Mykkanen S, Ariniemi K, Lillsunde P (2004) J Chromatogr B 806:205–219

    Google Scholar 

  47. Saint-Marcoux F, Lachatre G, Marquet P (2003) J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 14:14–22

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Maurer HH, Peters FT (2005) Ther Drug Monit 27:686–688

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Herrin GL, McCurdy HH, Wall WH (2005) J Anal Toxicol 29:599–606

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Reubsaet JL, Pedersen-Bjergaard S (2004) J Chromatogr A 1031:203–211

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Peters FT (2006) Method validation using LC-MS. In: Polettini A (ed) Applications of liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry in toxicology. Pharmaceutical Press, London, pp 71–95

  52. Annesley TM (2003) Clin Chem 49:1041–1044

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Liang HR, Foltz RL, Meng M, Bennett P (2003) Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 17:2815–2821

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Maurer HH, Kraemer T, Springer D, Staack RF (2004) Ther Drug Monit 26:127–131

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Peters FT, Schaefer S, Staack RF, Kraemer T, Maurer HH (2003) J Mass Spectrom 38:659–676

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Habrdova V, Peters FT, Theobald DS, Maurer HH (2005) J Mass Spectrom 40:785–795

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Kankaanpaa A, Gunnar T, Ariniemi K, Lillsunde P, Mykkanen S, Seppala T (2004) J Chromatogr B 810:57–68

    Google Scholar 

  58. Ishida T, Kudo K, Kiyoshima A, Inoue H, Tsuji A, Ikeda N (2005) J Chromatogr B 823:47–52

    Google Scholar 

  59. Vorce SP, Sklerov JH (2004) J Anal Toxicol 28:407–410

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Toennes SW, Kauert GF (2004) Forensic Sci Int 140:85–90

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Beyer J, Peters FT, Kraemer T, Maurer HH (2007) J Mass Spectrom 42:150–160

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Beyer J, Peters FT, Kraemer T, Maurer HH (2007) J Mass Spectrom 42:621–633

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Kratzsch C, Weber AA, Peters FT, Kraemer T, Maurer HH (2003) J Mass Spectrom 38:283–295

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Kratzsch C, Tenberken O, Peters FT, Weber AA, Kraemer T, Maurer HH (2004) J Mass Spectrom 39:856–872

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Maurer HH, Kratzsch C, Kraemer T, Peters FT, Weber AA (2002) J Chromatogr B 773:63–73

    Google Scholar 

  66. Maurer HH, Tenberken O, Kratzsch C, Weber AA, Peters FT (2004) J Chromatogr A 1058:169–181

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Jones AW, Holmgren A, Kugelberg FC (2007) J Anal Toxicol 31:566–572

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Kankaanpaa A, Liukkonen R, Ariniemi K (2007) Forensic Sci Int 170:133–138

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Villain M, Cirimele V, Ludes B, Kintz P (2003) J Chromatogr B 792:83–87

    Google Scholar 

  70. Paul R, Tsanaclis L, Kingston R, Berry A, Guwy A (2006) J Anal Toxicol 30:375–379

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Kaufmann E, Alt A (2007) Forensic Sci Int 168:133–137

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Feng N, Vollenweider FX, Minder EI, Rentsch K, Grampp T, Vonderschmitt DJ (1995) Ther Drug Monit 17:95–100

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Rodriguez Rosas ME, Patel S, Wainer IW (2003) J Chromatogr B 794:99–108

    Google Scholar 

  74. Musshoff F, Trafkowski J, Kuepper U, Madea B (2006) J Mass Spectrom 41:633–640

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Al Asmari AI, Anderson RA (2007) J Anal Toxicol 31:394–408

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Gunnar T, Ariniemi K, Lillsunde P (2006) J Mass Spectrom 41:741–754

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Quintela O, Cruz A, Castro A, Concheiro M, Lopez-Rivadulla M (2005) J Chromatogr B 825:63–71

    Google Scholar 

  78. Bugey A, Rudaz S, Staub C (2006) J Chromatogr B 832:249–255

    Google Scholar 

  79. Smink BE, Brandsma JE, Dijkhuizen A, Lusthof KJ, de Gier JJ, Egberts AC, Uges DR (2004) J Chromatogr B 811:13–20

    Google Scholar 

  80. Laloup M, Ramirez Fernandez MM, de Boeck G, Wood M, Maes V, Samyn N (2005) J Anal Toxicol 29:616–626

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Miyaguchi H, Kuwayama K, Tsujikawa K, Kanamori T, Iwata YT, Inoue H, Kishi T (2006) Forensic Sci Int 157:57–70

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Hori Y, Fujisawa M, Shimada K, Hirose Y, Yoshioka T (2006) Biol Pharm Bull 29:7–13

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Theunissen EL, Vermeeren A, Ramaekers JG (2006) Br J Clin Pharmacol 61:79–86

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Hasegawa C, Kumazawa T, Lee XP, Fujishiro M, Kuriki A, Marumo A, Seno H, Sato K (2006) Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 20:537–543

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Subramanian M, Birnbaum AK, Remmel RP (2008) Ther Drug Monit 30:347–356

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Sauvage FL, Gaulier JM, Lachatre G, Marquet P (2006) Ther Drug Monit 28:123–130

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Juan H, Zhiling Z, Huande L (2005) J Chromatogr B 820:33–39

    Google Scholar 

  88. Alves C, Santos-Neto AJ, Fernandes C, Rodrigues JC, Lancas FM (2007) J Mass Spectrom 42:1342–1347

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. de Castro A, Ramirez Fernandez MM, Laloup M, Samyn N, de Boeck G, Wood M, Maes V, Lopez-Rivadulla M (2007) J Chromatogr A 1160:3–12

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Titier K, Castaing N, Le Deodic M, Le bars D, Moore N, Molimard M (2007) J Anal Toxicol 31:200–207

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Castaing N, Titier K, Receveur-Daurel M, Le Deodic M, Le bars D, Moore N, Molimard M (2007) J Anal Toxicol 31:334–341

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Kirchherr H, Kuhn-Velten WN (2006) J Chromatogr B 843:100–113

    Google Scholar 

  93. Roman M, Kronstrand R, Lindstedt D, Josefsson M (2008) J Anal Toxicol 32:147–155

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The author would like to thank Prof. Dr. Thomas Kraemer and Dr. Frank T. Peters for their suggestions.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Saarland University, 66421, Homburg, Saar, Germany

    Hans H. Maurer

Authors
  1. Hans H. Maurer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Hans H. Maurer.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Maurer, H.H. Mass spectrometric approaches in impaired driving toxicology. Anal Bioanal Chem 393, 97–107 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-008-2338-8

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-008-2338-8

Keywords

Search

Navigation