Abstract
The detection of explosives and related compounds is important in both forensic and environmental applications. Luminescence-based methods have been widely used for detecting explosives and their degradation products in complex matrices. Direct detection methods utilize the inherent fluorescence of explosive molecules or the luminescence generated from chemical reactions. Direct detection methods include high-energy excitation techniques such as gamma-ray and x-ray fluorescence, detection of decomposition products by fluorescence or chemiluminescence, and detection following reduction to amines or another reaction to produce fluorescent products from the explosive. Indirect detection methods utilize the interference caused by the presence of explosive compounds with traditional processes of fluorescence and fluorescence quenching. Indirect detection methods include quenching of solution-phase, immobilized, and solid-state fluorophores, displacement of fluorophores, fluorescence immunoassay, and reactions that produce fluorescent products other than the explosive. A comprehensive review of these methods is presented.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Yinon J, Zitrin S (1993) Modern methods and applications in analysis of explosives. Wiley, Chichester, UK
Schulte-Ladbeck R, Vogel M, Karst U (2006) Anal Bioanal Chem 386:559–565
Schulte-Ladbeck R, Kolla P, Karst U (2002) Analyst 127:1152–1154
Schulte-Ladbeck R, Kolla P, Karst U (2003) Anal Chem 75:731–735
Skoog DA, Holler FJ, Nieman TA (1998) Principles of instrumental analysis. Saunders College Publishing, Philadelphia, PA
Blair HM, Poteet WM (2000) Proc SPIE Int Soc Opt Eng 4129:494–502
Brondo J, Wielopolski L, Thieberger P, Alessi J, Vartsky D, Sredniawski J (2003) AIP Conf Proc 680:931–934
Wielopolski L, Thieberger P, Alessi J, Brondo J, Vartsky D, Sredniawski J (2003) AIP Conf Proc 680:919–923
Guardala NA, Farrell JP, Dudnikov V, Merkel G (2003) AIP Conf Proc 680:905–908
Boudreaux GM, Miller TS, Kunefke AJ, Singh JP, Yueh F-Y, Monts DL (1999) Appl Opt 38:1411–1417
Wu D, Singh JP, Yueh FY, Monts DL (1996) Appl Opt 35:3998–4003
Shu J, Bar I, Rosenwaks S (2000) Appl Phys B 70:621–625
Shu J, Bar I, Rosenwaks S (2000) Appl Phys B 71:665–672
Shu J, Bar I, Rosenwaks S (1999) Appl Opt 38:4705–4710
Arusi-Parpar T, Heflinger D, Lavi R (2002) Appl Opt 40:6677–6681
Swayambunathan V, Singh G, Sausa RC (1999) Appl Opt 38:6447–6454
Fine DH, Lieb D, Rufeh F (1975) J Chromatogr 107:351–357
Fine DH, Rounbehler DP (1975) J Chromatogr 109:271–279
Fine DH, Rufeh F, Lieb D, Rounbehler DP (1975) Anal Chem 47:1188–1191
Fine DH, Wendel GJ (1993) Proc SPIE Int Soc Opt Eng 2092:131–136
Fine DH, Yu WC, Goff EU, Bender EC, Reutter DJ (1984) J Forensic Sci 29:732–746
Conrad FJ, Kenna BT, Hannum DW (1990) Nucl Mat Man 19:902–905
Jimenez AM, Navas MJ (2004) J Hazard Mater 106:1–8
Moore DS (2004) Rev Sci Instrum 75:2499–2512
Lafleur AL, Mills KM (1981) Anal Chem 53:1202–1205
Douse JMF (1983) J Chromatogr A 256:359–362
Douse JMF (1987) J Chromatogr A 410:181–189
Collins DA (1989) J Chromatogr A 483:379–383
Douse JMF (1985) J Chromatogr A 328:155–165
Batlle R, Carlsson H, Tollback P, Colmsjo A, Crescenzi C (2003) Anal Chem 75:3137–3144
Miller CJ, Glenn DF, Hartenstein SD (1998) Proc SPIE Int Soc Opt Eng 3575:335–341
Francis ES, Wu M, Farnsworth PB, Lee ML (1995) J Microcol Sep 7:23–28
Crowson CA, Cullum H, Hiley RW, Lowe A (1996) J Forensic Sci 41:980–989
Crowson A, Hiley RW, Ingham T, McCreedy T, Pilgrim AJ, Townshend A (1997) Anal Commun 34:213–216
Bowerbank CR, Smith PA, Fetterolf DD, Lee ML (2000) J Chromatogr A 902:413–419
Francis ES, Eatough DJ, Lee ML (1994) J Microcol Sep 6:395–401
Douse JMF (1988) J Chromatogr A 445:244–250
Lafleur AL, Morriseau BD (1980) Anal Chem 52:1313–1318
Selavka CM, Tontarski RE Jr, Strobel RA (1987) J Forensic Sci 32:941–952
Nguyen DH, Locquiao S, Huynh P, Zhong Q, He W, Christensen D, Zhang L, Bilkhu B (2004) Fast detection of explosives vapours and particles by chemiluminescence technique. In: Gardner JW, Yinon J (eds) Electronic noses and sensors for the detection of explosives. Kluwer, Norwell, MA
Lapat A, Székelyhidi L, Hornyák I (1997) Biomed Chromatogr 11:102–104
Eastwood D, Fernandez C, Yoon BY, Sheaff CN, Wai CM (2006) Appl Spectrosc 60:958–963
Sheaff CN, Eastwood D, Wai CM (2007) Appl Spectrosc 61:68–73
Bruno JG, Cornette JC (1997) Microchem J 56:305–314
Mohammadzai IU, Ashiuchi T, Tsukahara S, Okamoto Y, Fujiwara T (2005) J Chin Chem Soc 52:1037–1042
Lakowicz J (1983) Principles of fluorescence spectroscopy. Plenum, New York
McGuffin VL, Goodpaster JV (1998) Polycyclic aromatic compounds, fluorescence quenching. In: Meyers R (ed) Encyclopedia of environmental analysis and remediation. Wiley, New York
Goodpaster JV, McGuffin VL (2001) Anal Chem 73:2004–2011
Bock CR, Connor JA, Gutierrez AR, Meyer TJ, Whitten DG, Sullivan BP, Nagle JK (1979) J Am Chem Soc 101:4815–4824
Bock CR, Connor JA, Gutierrez AR, Meyer TJ, Whitten DG, Sullivan BP, Nagle JK (1979) Chem Phys Lett 61:522–525
Bock CR, Meyer TJ, Whitten DG (1975) J Am Chem Soc 97:2909–2911
Glazier S, Barron JA, Morales N, Ruschak AM, Houston PL, Abruna HD (2003) Macromolecules 36:1272–1278
Focsaneanu K-S, Scaiano JC (2005) Photochem Photobiol Sci 4:817–821
Meaney MS, McGuffin VL (2008) Anal Chim Acta 610:57–67
Rahman M, Harmon HJ (2006) Spectrochim Acta A 65:901–906
Kang J, Ding L, Lu F, Zhang S, Fang Y (2006) J Phys D: Appl Phys 39:5097–5102
Zhang S, Lu F, Gao L, Ding L, Fang Y (2007) Langmuir 23:1584–1590
Jian C, Seitz WR (1990) Anal Chim Acta 237:265–271
Kumar V, Dhawan A, Wang X, Parmar VS, Samuelson LA, Kumar J, Cholli A (2003) Polym Prepr 44:1224–1225
Wang X, Lee S-H, Drew C, Senecal KJ, Kumar J, Samuelson LA (2002) Polym Prepr 43:130–131
Patra D, Mishra AK (2001) Sensor Actuat B 80:278–282
Wang Y, Wang K-M, Shen G-L, Yu R-Q (1997) Talanta 44:1319–1327
Hu X, Jiao K, Sun W, You J-Y (2006) Electroanalysis 18:613–620
Tao S, Li G, Zhu H (2006) J Mater Chem 16:4521–4528
Tao S, Shi Z, Li G, Li P (2006) Angew Chem Int Ed 7:1902–1905
Tao S, Li G (2007) Colloid Polym Sci 285:721–728
Lu J, Zhang Z (1996) Anal Chim Acta 318:175–179
Barnard SM, Walt DR (1991) Environ Sci Technol 25:1301–1304
Barnard SM, Walt DR (1991) Nature 353:338–340
White J, Kauer JS, Dickinson TA, Walt DR (1996) Anal Chem 68:2191–2202
Johnson SR, Sutter JM, Engelhardt HL, Jurs PC, White J, Kauer JS, Dickinson TA, Walt DR (1997) Anal Chem 69:4641–4648
Albert KJ, Dickinson TA, Walt DR (1998) Proc SPIE Int Soc Opt Eng 3392:426–431
Dickinson TA, Michael KL, Kauer JS, Walt DR (1999) Anal Chem 71:2192–2198
Albert KJ, Myrick ML, Brown SB, Milanovich FP, Walt DR (1999) Proc SPIE Int Soc Opt Eng 3710:308–314
Albert KJ, Walt DR (2000) Anal Chem 72:1947–1955
Michael KL, Taylor LC, Schultz SL, Walt DR (1998) Anal Chem 70:1242–1248
Stitzel SE, Cowen LJ, Albert KJ, Walt DR (2001) Anal Chem 73:5266–5271
Albert KJ, Myrick ML, Brown SB, James DL, Milanovich FP, Walt DR (2001) Environ Sci Technol 35:3193–3200
Bakken GA, Kauffman GW, Jurs PC, Albert KJ, Stitzel SS (2001) Sensor Actuat B 79:1–10
Fisco W (1975) J Forensic Sci 20:141–148
Meaney MS, Borowitz JM, McGuffin VL (2008) unpublished research
Germanenko IN, Li S, El-Shall MS (2001) J Phys Chem B 105:59–66
Nieto S, Santana A, Hernandez SP, Lareau R, Chamberlain RT, Castro ME (2004) Proc SPIE Int Soc Opt Eng 5403:256–260
Kose ME, Harruff BA, Lin Y, Veca LM, Lu F, Sun YP (2006) J Phys Chem B 110:14032–14034
Toal SJ, Trogler WC (2006) J Mater Chem 16:2871–2883
Content S, Trogler WC, Sailor MJ (2000) Chem Eur J 6:2205–2213
Sohn H, Calhoun RM, Sailor MJ, Trogler WC (2001) Angew Chem Int Ed 40:2104–2105
Sohn H, Sailor MJ, Magde D, Trogler WC (2003) J Am Chem Soc 125:3821–3830
Toal SJ, Magde D, Trogler WC (2005) Chem Comm 5465–5467
Toal SJ, Sanchez JC, Dugan RE, Trogler WC (2007) J Forensic Sci 52:79–83
Saxena A, Fujiki M, Rai R, Kwak G (2005) Chem Mater 17:2181–2185
Saxena A, Rai R, Kim S-Y, Fujiki M, Naito M, Okoshi K, Kwak G (2006) J Polym Sci Part A 44:5060–5075
Zhou Q, Swager TM (1995) J Am Chem Soc 117:12593–12602
Swager TM (1998) Acc Chem Res 31:201–207
Yang JS, Swager TM (1998) J Am Chem Soc 120:5321–5322
Yang JS, Swager TM (1998) J Am Chem Soc 120:11864–11873
Williams VE, Yang JS, Lugmair CG, Miao YJ, Swager TM (1999) Proc SPIE Int Soc Opt Eng 3710:402–408
Rose A, Lugmair CG, Miao YJ, Kim J, Levitsky IA, Williams V, Swager TM (2000) Proc SPIE Int Soc Opt Eng 4038:512–518
la Grone MJ, Cumming CJ, Fisher M, Reust D, Taylor LC (1999) Proc SPIE Int Soc Opt Eng 3710:409–420
la Grone MJ, Cumming CJ, Fisher M, Fox M, Jacob S, Reust D, Rockley MG, Towers E (2000) Proc SPIE Int Soc Opt Eng 4038:553–562
Cumming CJ, Aker C, Fisher M, Fok M, la Grone MJ, Reust D, Rockley MG, Swager TM, Towers E, Williams V (2001) IEEE T Geosci Remote 39:1119–1128
Swager TM, Wosnick JH (2002) MRS Bull 27:446–450
Fisher M, Sikes J (2003) Proc SPIE Int Soc Opt Eng 5089:1078–1087
Cumming CJ, Fisher M, Sikes J (2004) Amplifying fluorescent polymer arrays for chemical detection of explosives. In: Gardner JW, Yinon J (eds) Electronic noses and sensors for the detection of explosives. Kluwer, Norwell, MA
Henry C (2005) Chem Eng News 83(16):11
Rose A, Zhu Z, Madigan CF, Swager TM, Bulovic V (2005) Nature 434:876–879
Thomas III SW, Amara JP, Bjork RE, Swager TM (2005) Chem Commun 4572–4574
Zhao D, Swager TM (2005) Polym Prepr 46:1194–1195
Zhao D, Swager TM (2005) Macromolecules 38:9377–9384
Wang L (2007) Chem Eng News 85(15):11
Liu Y, Mills RC, Boncella JM, Schanze KS (2001) Langmuir 17:7452–7455
Chang C-P, Chao C-Y, Huang JH, Li A-K, Hsu C-S, Lin M-S, Hsieh BR, Su A-C (2004) Synth Met 144:297–301
Kim TH, Kim HJ, Kwak CG, Park WH, Lee TS (2006) J Polym Sci Part A 44:2059–2068
Levitsky IA, Euler WB, Tokranova N, Rose A (2007) Appl Phys Lett 90:041904–041903
Naddo T, Che Y, Zhang W, Balakrishnan K, Yang X, Yen M, Zhao J, Moore JS, Zang L (2007) J Am Chem Soc 129:6978–6979
Simonson RJ, Hance BG, Schmitt RL, Johnson MS, Hargis PJ Jr (2001) Proc SPIE Int Soc Opt Eng 4394:879–889
Chen L, McBranch D, Wang R, Whitten D (2000) Chem Phys Lett 330:27–33
Kennedy S, Caddy B, Douse JMF (1996) J Chromatogr A 726:211–222
Bailey CG, Wallenborg SR (2000) Electrophoresis 21:3081–3087
Wallenborg SR, Bailey CG (2000) Anal Chem 72:1872–1878
Bromberg A, Mathies RA (2003) Anal Chem 75:1188–1195
Bromberg A, Mathies RA (2004) Electrophoresis 25:1895–1900
Whelan JP, Kusterbeck AW, Wemhoff GA, Bredehorst R, Ligler FS (1993) Anal Chem 65:3561–3565
Narang U, Gauger PR, Ligler FS (1997) Anal Chem 69:1961–1964
Charles PT, Kusterbeck AW (1999) Biosens Bioelect 14:387–396
Goldman ER, Cohill TJ, Patterson CH, Anderson GP, Kusterbeck AW, Mauro JM (2003) Environ Sci Technol 37:4733–4736
Judd LL, Kusterbeck AW, Charles PT, Ligler FS, Whelan JP, Foster KE (1993) The flow immunosensor used to detect the small molecular weight molecule TNT. Air and Waste Management Association, Pittsburgh, PA
Kusterbeck AW, Gauger PR, Charles PT (1997) Proc SPIE Int Soc Opt Eng 2937:191–196
Green TM, Charles PT, Anderson GP (2002) Anal Biochem 310:36–41
Goldman ER, Pazirandeh MP, Charles PT, Balighian ED, Anderson GP (2002) Anal Chim Acta 457:13–19
Kusterbeck AW, Judd LL, Yu H, Myles J, Liger FS (1993) Proc SPIE Int Soc Opt Eng 2092:218–226
Charles PT, Bart JC, Judd LL, Gauger PR, Ligler FS, Kusterbeck AW (1997) Proc SPIE Int Soc Opt Eng 3105:80–87
Bart JC, Judd LL, Hoffman KE, Wilkins AM, Kusterbeck AW (1997) Environ Sci Technol 31:1505–1511
Bart JC, Judd LL, Kusterbeck AW (1997) Sensor Actuat B 39:411–418
Shriver-Lake L, Charles P, Kusterbeck A (2003) Anal Bioanal Chem 377:550–555
Narang U, Gauger PR, Ligler FS (1997) Anal Chem 69:2779–2785
Judd LL, Kusterbeck AW, Conrad DW, Yu H, Myles HL Jr, Ligler FS (1995) Proc SPIE Int Soc Opt Eng 2388:198–204
Narang U, Gauger PR, Kusterbeck AW, Ligler FS (1998) Anal Biochem 255:13–19
Charles PT, Rangasammy JG, Anderson GP, Romanoski TC, Kusterbeck AW (2004) Anal Chim Acta 525:199–204
Holt DB, Gauger PR, Kusterbeck AW, Ligler FS (2002) Biosens Bioelect 17:95–103
Shriver-Lake LC, Breslin KA, Charles PT, Conrad DW, Golden JP, Ligler FS (1995) Anal Chem 67:2431–2435
Bakaltcheva IB, Ligler FS, Patterson CH, Shriver-Lake LC (1999) Anal Chim Acta 399:13–20
Bakaltcheva IB, Shriver-Lake LC, Ligler FS (1998) Sensor Actuat B 51:46–51
Shriver-Lake LC, Patterson CH, van Bergen SK (2000) Field Anal Chem Tech 4:239–245
Shriver-Lake LC, Donner BL, Ligler FS (1997) Environ Sci Technol 31:837–841
Shriver-Lake LC, Breslin KA, Golden JP, Judd LL, Choi J, Ligler FS (1994) Proc SPIE Int Soc Opt Eng 2367:52–58
van Bergen SK, Bakaltcheva IB, Lundgren JS, Shriver-Lake LC (2000) Environ Sci Technol 34:704–708
Kusterbeck AW, Charles PT (1998) Field Anal Chem Technol 2:341–350
Charles PT, Gauger PR, Patterson CH, Kusterbeck AW (2000) Environ Sci Technol 34:4641–4650
Charles PT, Dingle BM, Van Bergen S, Gauger PR, Patterson CH Jr, Kusterbeck AW (2001) Field Anal Chem Tech 5:272–280
Gauger PR, Holt DB, Patterson CH Jr, Charles PT, Shriver-Lake L, Kusterbeck AW (2001) J Hazard Mater 83:51–63
Lesnik B (1999) Environ Test Anal 8:8
Medintz IL, Goldman ER, Lassman ME, Hayhurst A, Kusterbeck AW, Deschamps JR (2005) Anal Chem 77:365–372
Medintz IL, Goldman ER, Clapp AR, Uyeda HT, Lassman ME, Hayhurst A, Mattoussi H (2005) Proc SPIE Int Soc Opt Eng 5705:166–174
Tran PT, Goldman ER, Anderson GP, Mauro JM, Mattoussi H (2002) Proc SPIE Int Soc Opt Eng 4636:23–30
Goldman ER, Medintz IL, Whitley JL, Hayhurst A, Clapp AR, Uyeda HT, Deschamps JR, Lassman ME, Mattoussi H (2005) J Am Chem Soc 127:6744–6751
Wilson R, Clavering C, Hutchinson A (2003) Anal Chem 75:4244–4249
Altamirano M, Garcia-Villada L, Agrelo M, Sanchez-Martin L, Martin-Otero L, Flores-Moya A, Rico M, Lopez-Rodas V, Costas E (2004) Biosens Bioelect 19:1319–1323
Radhika V, Proikas-Cezanne T, Jayaraman M, Onesime D, Ha JH, Dhanasekaran DN (2007) Nat Chem Biol 3:325–330
Everts S (2007) Chem Eng News 85(20):10
Woltman SJ, Even WR, Sahlin E, Weber SG (2000) Anal Chem 72:4928–4933
Andrew TL, Swager TM (2007) J Am Chem Soc 129:7254–7255
Baum RM (ed)(2007) Science & technology concentrates. Chem Eng News 85(23):32
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Meaney, M.S., McGuffin, V.L. Luminescence-based methods for sensing and detection of explosives. Anal Bioanal Chem 391, 2557–2576 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-008-2194-6
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-008-2194-6