Abstract
A simple and highly effective reversed-phase (RP) high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method is described for analysing glutathione (GSH) and glutathione disulfide (GSSG) in out-flowing supernatants and lysates of perfusion cell cultures of human kidney cells (HK-2 cells) continuously exposed to cadmium chloride (CdCl2), which is a well-known nephrotoxin. The developed linear liquid chromatographic gradient employs monolithic poly(styrene-co-divinylbenzene) (PS/DVB) as a stationary phase and is adaptable for coupling to mass spectrometry via an electrospray ionisation interface (LC-ESI/MS), which is carried out in case of co-eluting peaks. This study presents a quantitative assay of glutathione over the time of experiment and cell lysates at the end of the experiment. The assay of out-flowing supernatants has the potential to be applied as an online assay in high time resolution. Glutathione (reduced and oxidised, GSH and GSSG) is chosen as an indicator for toxic effects in the cultured cells. In principle it is possible to show the concentration of glutathione as a function of time in an investigation of exposure of the HK-2 cell line to CdCl2. In addition to glutathione analysis, well-established assays of cell death such as enzyme release and cell viability are performed to obtain information about the number of living cells. Toxicity of 5 μM CdCl2 is manifested in all of the assays applied. Fast (<7 min) and highly reproducible (max. aberration 4.7%) determination of glutathione could be achieved.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Felder E, Jennings P, Seppi T, Pfaller W (2002) Cell Physiol Biochem 12:153–162
Koppelstaetter C, Jennings P, Ryan MP, Morin JP, Hartung T, Pfaller W (2004) ALTEX 21:51–60
Jennings P, Koppelstaetter C, Pfaller W, Morin JP, Hartung T, Ryan MP (2004) ALTEX 21:61–66
Perquin M, Oster T, Maul A, Froment N, Untereiner M, Bagrel D (2000) Cancer Lett 158:7–16
Königshoff M, Brandenburger T (2004) Kurzlehrbuch Biochemie G. Thieme, Stuttgart, p 304
Brandes H (2005) Reporter 23:1–4
Camera E, Picardo M (2002) J Chromatogr B 781:181–2068
Huck CW, Pezzei V, Schmitz Th, Bonn GK, Bernkop-Schnuerch A (2006) J Drug Target 14:117–125
Morgenstern I, Kirch W (2003) Dtsch Med Wochensch 128:507–511
Lenton KJ, Therriault H, Wagner JR (1999) Anal Biochem 274:125–130
Richie JP, Skowronski L, Abraham P, Leutzinger Y (1996) Clin Chem 42:64–70
Yoshida T (1996) J Chromatogr B 678:157–164
Bald E, Chwatko G, Glowacki R, Kuśmierek K (2004) J Chromatogr A 1032:109–115
Brömme HJ, Weinandy R, Peschke D, Peschke E (2001) Horm Metab Res 33:106–109
Harvey PR, Ilson RG, Strasberg SM (1989) Clin Chim Acta 180:203–212
Pastore A, Massoud R, Motti C, Lo Russo A, Fucci G, Cortese C, Federici G (1998) Clin Chem 44:825–832
Bouligand J, Deroussent A, Paci A, Morizet J, Vassal G (2006) J Chromatogr B 832:67–74
Hammermeister DE, Serrano J, Schmieder P, Kuehl DW (2000) Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 14:503–508
Schmitz T, Huck CW, Bernkop-Schnuerch A (2006) Amino Acids 30:35–42
Kataoka H, Takagi K, Makita M (1995) Biomed Chromatogr 9:85–89
Humbert B, Nguyen P, Obled Ch, Bobin Ch, Vaslin A, Sweeten S, Darmaun D (2001) J Mass Spectrom 36:726–735
Ling YY, Yin XF, Fang ZL (2005) Electrophoresis 26:4759–4766
Thèvenod F (2003) Nephron Phys 93:87–93
Abberger T, Jennings P, Mirlach A, Prajczer S, Pfaller W (2006) Toxicol In Vitro 20:1213–1224
Liu D (1981) Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 26:145–149
Tang D, Wen LS, Santaschi PH (2000) Anal Chim Acta 408:299–307
Pittaluga M, Parisi P, Sabatini S, Ceci R, Caporossi D, Catani MV, Savini I, Avigliano L (2006) Free Radical Res 40:607–614
Higashi T, Furukawa M, Hikita K, Naruse A, Tateishi N, Sakamoto Y (1985) J Biochem 98:1661–1667
Baker P, Clauser K (1997–2007) University of California, http://prospector.ucsf.edu/prospector/4.0.8/html/msiso.htm
Acknowledgements
This work was part of a contract study (21471-2003-12 F1ED ISP AT) performed for the European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods (ECVAM), Joint Research Centre of the European Commission, Ispra, Italy. Support was also given by the Austrian Science Foundation (FWF), SFB-Project 021 (Vienna, Austria), the Genome Research in Austria GEN-AU (Federal Ministry for Education, Science and Culture, Vienna, Austria) and by the West Austrian Initiative for Nano Networking (WINN).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Hahn, H., Huck, C.W., Rainer, M. et al. Analysis of glutathione in supernatants and lysates of a human proximal tubular cell line from perfusion culture upon intoxication with cadmium chloride by HPLC and LC-ESI-MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 388, 1763–1769 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-007-1401-1
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-007-1401-1