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Characterisation of structure and aggregation processes of aquatic humic substances using small-angle scattering and X-ray microscopy

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Abstract.

Aquatic humic substances (HS), an important part of the dissolved organic carbon in freshwater systems, are polyfunctional natural compounds with polydisperse structure showing strong aggregation/coagulation behaviour at high HS concentrations and in the presence of metal ions. In this study, small-angle neutron scattering (SANS), small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and X-ray microscopy (XRM) were applied to characterise the structure and aggregation processes of HS in solution. In SAXS and XRM the high brilliant synchrotron radiation was used as X-ray source. Applying small-angle scattering, information about the size distribution and shape of aquatic HS was obtained. Spherical HS units were found which were stable in a wide concentration range in a kind of "monomeric" state almost independent of pH and ionic strength. At higher concentrations they formed chain-like agglomerates or disordered HS structures. In studies on the coagulation behaviour of HS after addition of copper ions, a linear relationship between Cu2+ concentration and the formation of large disordered HS-Cu2+ agglomerates was obtained. By using X-ray microscopy, single "huge" particles were found in older solutions and in solutions with high HS concentrations. Over a threshold Cu2+ concentration of approx. 300 mg/L, the formation of an extensive HS-Cu2+ network structure was observed within a few minutes. The presented structures show the ability of the methods used to characterise processes between diluted phase and suspended matter, which play an important role particularly in the region of phase interfaces.

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Acknowledgments.

We gratefully acknowledge financial support from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Foundation) in the framework of the special scientific program Refraktäre Organische Säuren in Gewässern (ROSIG) (refractory organic substances in waters), contract number Kn 166/11–1–4, and from the Verband der Chemischen Industrie e. V" of Germany. We thank G. Abbt-Braun for the supply of standard humic and fulvic acids and D. I. Svergun for his help with the computer program, Gnom, and the support in calculating the distance distribution shown in Fig. 3.

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  1. GKSS Research Centre, Inst. for Materials Research, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 21502, Geesthacht, Germany

    P. Klaus Pranzas, Regine Willumeit, Rainer Gehrke, Jürgen Thieme & Arndt Knöchel

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  1. P. Klaus Pranzas
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  2. Regine Willumeit
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  3. Rainer Gehrke
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Correspondence to P. Klaus Pranzas.

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Pranzas, P.K., Willumeit, R., Gehrke, R. et al. Characterisation of structure and aggregation processes of aquatic humic substances using small-angle scattering and X-ray microscopy. Anal Bioanal Chem 376, 618–625 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-003-1970-6

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