Abstract
Stimulated by the recent fascinating finding of all-boron fullerene B40 (Zhai et al. in Nat Chem 6:727–731, 2014), we systematically investigated the structures, stabilities and electronic properties of its endohedral derivatives M@B40 (M = Sc, Y, La) by means of density functional theory computations. The binding energies of M@B40 are closely comparable with the classical M@C 2v (9)–C82 family, suggesting the considerable possibility to experimentally achieve these endohedral borofullerenes. The paramagnetic M@B40 molecules can easily form stable dimers with quenched magnetism, which could be avoided by exohedral functionalization and promise potential applications in the design of nanodevices. Furthermore, the infrared absorption spectra and 11B nuclear magnetic resonance spectra were computed to assist future experimental characterization.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Kroto HW, Heath JR, O’brien SC, Curl RF, Smalley RE (1985) C60: buckminsterfullerene. Nature 318:162–163
Zhai HJ, Zhao YF, Li WL, Chen Q, Bai H, Hu HS, Piazza ZA, Tian WJ, Lu HG, Wu YB, Mu YW, Wei GF, Liu ZP, Li J, Li SD, Wang LS (2014) Observation of an all-boron fullerene. Nat Chem 6:727–731
Szwacki NG, Sadrzadeh A, Yakobson BI (2007) B80 fullerene: an ab initio prediction of geometry, stability, and electronic structure. Phys Rev Lett 98:166804
Szwacki NG (2008) Boron fullerenes: a first-principles study. Nanoscale Res Lett 3:49–54
Yan QB, Sheng XL, Zheng QR, Zhang LZ, Su G (2008) Family of boron fullerenes: general constructing schemes, electron counting rule, and ab initio calculations. Phys Rev B 78:201401
Sheng XL, Yan QB, Zheng QR, Su G (2009) Boron fullerenes B32+8k with four-membered rings and B32 solid phases: geometrical structures and electronic properties. Phys Chem Chem Phys 11:9696–9702
Zope RR, Baruah T, Lau KC, Liu AY, Pederson MR, Dunlap BI (2009) Boron fullerenes: from B80 to hole doped boron sheets. Phys Rev B 79:161403
Mukhopadhyay S, He H, Pandey R, Yap YK, Boustani I (2009) Novel spherical boron clusters and structural transition from 2D quasi-planar structures to 3D double-rings. J Phys Conf Ser 176:012028
Shang B, Yuan LF, Zeng XC, Yang J (2010) Ab initio prediction of amorphous B84. J Phys Chem A 114:2245–2249
Wang L, Zhao J, Li F, Chen Z (2010) Boron fullerenes with 32–56 atoms: irregular cage configurations and electronic properties. Chem Phys Lett 501:16–19
Wang XQ (2010) Structural and electronic stability of a volleyball-shaped B80 fullerene. Phys Rev B 82:153409
Szwacki NG, Tymczak CJ (2010) The symmetry of the boron buckyball and a related boron nanotube. Chem Phys Lett 494:80–83
Özdoğan C, Mukhopadhyay S, Hayami W, Güvenç ZB, Pandey R, Boustani I (2010) The unusually stable B100 fullerene, structural transitions in boron nanostructures, and a comparative study of α- and γ-boron and sheets. J Phys Chem C 114:4362–4375
Zope RR, Baruah T (2011) Snub boron nanostructures: chiral fullerenes, nanotubes and planar sheet. Chem Phys Lett 501:193–196
Hayami W, Otani S (2011) Structural stability of boron clusters with octahedral and tetrahedral symmetries. J Phys Chem A 115:8204–8207
Muya JT, Gopakumar G, Nguyen MT, Ceulemans A (2011) The leapfrog principle for boron fullerenes: a theoretical study of structure and stability of B112. Phys Chem Chem Phys 13:7524–7533
Polad S, Ozay M (2013) A new hole density as a stability measure for boron fullerenes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 15:19819–19824
Muya JT, Lijnen E, Nguyen MT, Ceulemans A (2013) The boron conundrum: which principles underlie the formation of large hollow boron cages? Chem Phys Chem 14:346–363
Prasad DLVK, Jemmis ED (2008) Phys Rev Lett 100:165504
Pochet P, Genovese L, De S, Goedecker S, Caliste D, Ghasemi SA, Bao K, Deutsch T (2011) Low-energy boron fullerenes: role of disorder and potential synthesis pathways. Phys Rev B 83:081403
Sun Q, Wang M, Li Z, Du A, Searles DJ (2014) Carbon dioxide capture and gas separation on B80 fullerene. J Phys Chem C 118:2170–2177
Li Y, Zhou G, Li J, Gu BL, Duan W (2008) Alkali-metal-doped B80 as high-capacity hydrogen storage media. J Phys Chem C 112:19268–19271
Li M, Li Y, Zhou Z, Shen P, Chen Z (2009) Ca-coated boron fullerenes and nanotubes as superior hydrogen storage materials. Nano Lett 9:1944–1948
Wu G, Wang J, Zhang X, Zhu L (2009) Hydrogen storage on metal-coated B80 buckyballs with density functional theory. J Phys Chem C 113:7052–7057
Mahdavifar Z, Poulad M (2014) Theoretical prediction of ozone sensing using pristine and endohedral metalloboron B80 fullerenes. Sens Actuators B Chem 205:26–38
Sergeeva AP, Popov IA, Piazza ZA, Li WL, Romanescu C, Wang LS, Boldyrev AI (2014) Understanding boron through size-selected clusters: structure, chemical bonding, and fluxionality. Acc Chem Res 47:1349–1358
Cheng L (2012) B14: an all-boron fullerene. J Chem Phys 136:104301
Boustani I (1994) Systematic LSD Investigation on Cationic boron clusters: B +n (n = 2–14). Int J Quantum Chem 52:1081–1111
Boustani I (1997) Systematic ab initio investigation of bare boron clusters: determination of the geometry and electronic structures of Bn (n = 2–14). Phys Rev B 55:16426–16438
Zhai HJ, Kiran B, Li J, Wang LS (2003) Hydrocarbon analogues of boron clusters-planarity, aromaticity and antiaromaticity. Nat Mater 2:827–833
Zhai HJ, Alexandrova AN, Birch KA, Boldyrev AI, Wang LS (2003) Hepta- and octacoordinate boron in molecular wheels of eight- and nine-atom boron clusters: observation and confirmation. Angew Chem Int Ed. 42:6004–6008
Sergeeva AP, Zubarev DY, Zhai HJ, Boldyrev AI, Wang LS (2008) A photoelectron spectroscopic and theoretical study of B16 − and B16 2−: an all-boron naphthalene. J Am Chem Soc 130:7244–7246
Huang W, Sergeeva AP, Zhai HJ, Averkiev BB, Wang LS, Boldyrev AI (2010) A concentric planar doubly π-aromatic B19- cluster. Nat Chem 2:202–206
Sergeeva AP, Averkiev BB, Zhai HJ, Boldyrev AI, Wang LS (2011) All-boron analogues of aromatic hydrocarbons: B17 − and B18 −. J Chem Phys 134:224304
Romanescu C, Harding DJ, Fielicke A, Wang LS (2012) Probing the structures of neutral boron clusters using infrared/vacuum ultraviolet two color ionization: B11, B16, and B17. J Chem Phys 137:014317
Kiran B, Bulusu S, Zhai HJ, Yoo S, Zeng XC, Wang LS (2005) Planar-to-tubular structural transition in boron clusters: B20 as the embryo of single-walled boron nanotubes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102:961–964
Li F, Jin P, Jiang DE, Wang L, Zhang SB, Zhao J, Chen Z (2012) B80 and B101–103 clusters: remarkable stability of the core-shell structures established by validated density functional. J Chem Phys 136:074302
Zhao J, Wang L, Li F, Chen Z (2010) B80 and other medium-sized boron clusters: core-shell structures, not hollow cages. J Phys Chem A 114:9969–9972
Li H, Shao N, Shang B, Yuan LF, Yang J, Zeng XC (2010) Icosahedral B12-containing core–shell structures of B80. Chem Commun 46:3878–3880
De S, Willand A, Amsler M, Pochet P, Genovese L, Goedecker S (2011) Energy landscape of fullerene materials: a comparison of boron to boron nitride and carbon. Phys Rev Lett 106:225502–225505
Boustani I, Rubio A, Alonso JA (1999) Ab initio study of B32 clusters: competition between spherical, quasiplanar and tubular isomers. Chem Phys Lett 311:21–28
Chacko S, Kanhere DG, Boustani I (2003) Ab initio density functional investigation of B24 clusters: rings, tubes, planes, and cages. Phys Rev B 68:035414
Tian FY, Wang YX (2008) The competition of double-, four-, and three-ring tubular B3n (n = 8–32) nanoclusters. J Chem Phys 129:024903
Tai TB, Duong LV, Pham HT, Mai DTT, Nguyen MT (2014) A disk-aromatic bowl cluster B30: toward formation of boron buckyballs. Chem Commun 50:1558–1560
Sergeeva AP, Piazza ZA, Romanescu C, Li WL, Boldyrev AI, Wang LS (2012) B22 − and B23 −: all-boron analogues of anthracene and phenanthrene. J Am Chem Soc 134:18065–18073
Piazza ZA, Li WL, Romanescu C, Sergeeva AP, Wang LS, Boldyrev AI (2012) A photoelectron spectroscopy and ab initio study of B21 −: negatively charged boron clusters continue to be planar at 21. J Chem Phys 136:104310
Popov IA, Piazza ZA, Li WL, Wang LS, Boldyrev AI (2013) A combined photoelectron spectroscopy and ab initio study of the quasi-planar B24 − cluster. J Chem Phys 139:144307
Piazza ZA, Hu HS, Li WL, Zhao YF, Li J, Wang LS (2014) Planar hexagonal B36 as a potential basis for extended single-atom layer boron sheets. Nat Commun 5:3113–3117
Li WL, Chen Q, Tian WJ, Bai H, Zhao YF, Hu HS, Li J, Zhai HJ, Li SD, Wang LS (2014) The B35 cluster with a double-hexagonal vacancy: a new and more flexible structural motif for borophene. J Am Chem Soc 136:12257–12260
Oger E, Crawford NRM, Kelting R, Weis P, Kappes MM, Ahlrichs R (2007) Boron cluster cations: transition from planar to cylindrical structures. Angew Chem Int Ed 46:8503–8506
Lv J, Wang Y, Zhu L, Ma Y (2014) B38: an all-boron fullerene analogue. Nanoscale 6:11692–11696
Sealy C (2014) Boron puts new ball into play. Nano Today 9:541–542
Kroto HW (1987) The stability of the fullerenes Cn, with n = 24, 28, 32, 36, 50, 60 and 70. Nature 329:529–531
Popov AA, Yang S, Dunsch L (2013) Endohedral fullerenes. Chem Rev 113:5989–6113
Jin P, Tang C, Chen Z (2014) Carbon atoms trapped in cages: metal carbide clusterfullerenes. Coord Chem Rev 270–271:89–111
Jin P, Hao C, Gao Z, Zhang SB, Chen Z (2009) Endohedral metalloborofullerenes La2@B80 and Sc3N@B80: a density functional theory prediction. J Phys Chem A 113:11613–11618
Muya JT, Lijnen E, Nguyen MT, Ceulemans A (2011) Encapsulation of small base molecules and tetrahedral/cubane-like clusters of group V atoms in the boron buckyball: a density functional theory study. J Phys Chem A 115:2268–2280
Boulanger P, Morinière M, Genovese L, Pochet P (2013) Selecting boron fullerenes by cage-doping mechanisms. J Chem Phys 138:184302
Wang JT, Chen C, Wang EG, Wang DS, Mizuseki H, Kawazoe Y (2009) Highly stable and symmetric boron caged B@Co12@B80 core-shell cluster. Appl Phys Lett 94:133102
Li JL, Yang GW (2009) Iron endohedral-doped boron fullerene: a potential single molecular device with tunable electronic and magnetic properties. J Phys Chem C 113:18292–18295
Li JL, Yang GW (2010) Tuning electronic and magnetic properties of endohedral Co@B80 and exohedral Co-B80 metallofullerenes by positioning Co atom. J Appl Phys 107:113702
Li JL, Yang GW (2009) Ni@B80: a single molecular magnetic switch. Appl Phys Lett 95:133115
Wang J, Ma L, Liang Y, Gao M, Wang G (2014) Density functional theory study of transition metals doped B80 fullerene. J Theor Comput Chem 13:1450050
Bai H, Chen Q, Zhai HJ, Li SD (2015) Endohedral and exohedral metalloborospherenes: M@B40 (M = Ca, Sr) and M&B40 (M = Be, Mg). Angew Chem Int Ed. 54:941. doi:10.1002/anie.201408738
Perdew JP, Burke K, Ernzerhof M (1996) Generalized gradient approximation made simple. Phys Rev Lett 77:3865
Krishnan R, Binkley JS, Seeger R, Pople JA (1980) Self-consistent molecular orbital methods. XX. A basis set for correlated wave functions. J Chem Phys 72:650
Hay PJ, Wadt WR (1985) Ab initio effective core potentials for molecular calculations. potentials for K to Au including the outermost core orbitals. J Chem Phys 82:299
Schleyer PvR, Maerker C, Dransfeld A, Jiao H, Hommes NJRVE (1996) Nucleus-independent chemical shifts: a simple and efficient aromaticity probe. J Am Chem Soc 118:6317–6318
Chen Z, Wannere CS, Corminboeuf C, Puchta R, Schleyer PvR (2005) Nucleus-independent chemical shifts (NICS) as an aromaticity criterion. Chem Rev 105:3842–3888
Wolinski K, Hilton JF, Pulay P (1990) Efficient implementation of the gauge-independent atomic orbital method for NMR chemical shift calculations. J Am Chem Soc 112:8251–8260
Mennekes T, Paetzold P, Boese R, Bläser D (1991) Tetra-tert-butyltetraboratetrahedrane. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 30:173–175
Frisch MJ, Trucks GW, Schlegel HB, Scuseria GE, Robb MA, Cheeseman JR, Scalmani G, Barone V, Mennucci B, Petersson GA et al (2010) Gaussian, Inc., Wallingford, CT
Schleyer PvR, Jiao H, Hommes NJRVE, Malkin VG, Malkina OL (1997) An evaluation of the aromaticity of inorganic rings: refined evidence from magnetic properties. J Am Chem Soc 119:12669–12670
Fallah-Bagher-Shaidaei H, Wannere CS, Corminboeuf C, Puchta R, Schleyer PvR (2006) Which NICS aromaticity index for planar π rings is best? Org Lett 8:863–866
Chen Z, Neukermans S, Wang X, Janssens E, Zhou Z, Silverans RE, King RB, Schleyer PVR, Lievens P (2006) To achieve stable spherical clusters: general principles and experimental confirmations. J Am Chem Soc 128:12829–12834
Nishibori E, Takata M, Sakata M, Inakuma M, Shinohara H (1998) Determination of the cage structure of Sc@C82 by synchrotron powder diffraction. Chem Phys Lett 298:79–84
Takata M, Umeda B, Nishibori E, Sakata M, Saito Y, Ohno M, Shinohara H (1995) Confirmation by X-ray-diffraction of the endohedral nature of the metallofullerene Y@C82. Nature 377:46–49
Chai Y, Guo T, Jin CM, Haufler RE, Chibante LPF, Fure J, Wang LH, Alford JM, Smalley RE (1991) Fullerenes with metals inside. J Phys Chem 95:7564–7568
Sakurai T, Wang XD, Xue QK, Hasegawa Y, Hashizume T, Shinohara H (1996) Scanning tunneling microscopy study of fullerenes. Prog Surf Sci 51:263–408
Feng L, Tsuchiya T, Wakahara T, Nakahodo T, Piao Q, Maeda Y, Akasaka T, Kato T, Yoza K, Horn E, Mizorogi N, Nagase S (2006) Synthesis and characterization of a bisadduct of La@C82. J Am Chem Soc 128:5990–5991
Delley B (1990) An all-electron numerical method for solving the local density functional for polyatomic molecules. J Chem Phys 92:508
Delley B (2000) From molecules to solids with the approach. J Chem Phys 113:7756
Acknowledgments
Support in China by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21103224, 51332005), Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University (IRT13060), and in USA by Department of Defense (Grant W911NF-12-1-0083) and NSF (Grant EPS-1010094) is gratefully acknowledged. This research used the resource of the Shanghai Supercomputer Center.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Jin, P., Hou, Q., Tang, C. et al. Computational investigation on the endohedral borofullerenes M@B40 (M = Sc, Y, La). Theor Chem Acc 134, 13 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00214-014-1612-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00214-014-1612-4