Skip to main content
Log in

The psychopharmacology of herbal extracts: issues and challenges

  • Letter to the Editors
  • Published:
Psychopharmacology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

References

  • Arnold KR (2003) Ginkgo and memory. JAMA 289:546

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Birks J, Grimley Evans J, Van Dongen M (2003) Ginkgo biloba for cognitive impairment and dementia (Cochrane methodology review). In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 4. Wiley, Chichester, UK

    Google Scholar 

  • Cui JF (1995) Identification and quantification of ginsenosides in various commercial ginseng preparations. Eur J Pharm Sci 3:77–85

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cui JF, Garle M, Bjokhem I (1996) Determination of aglycones of ginsenosides in ginseng preparations sold in Sweden and in urine samples from Swedish athletes consuming ginseng. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 56:151–160

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Curtis-Prior P, Vere D, Fray P (1999) Therapeutic value of Ginkgo biloba in reducing symptoms of decline in mental function. J Pharm Pharmacol 51:535–541

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kennedy DO, Scholey AB (2003) Ginseng: potential in the enhancement of cognitive performance and mood (review). Pharmacol Biochem Behav 75:687–700

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kennedy DO, Scholey AB, Wesnes K (2001) Dose dependent changes in cognitive performance and mood following acute administration of ginseng to healthy young volunteers. Nutr Neurosci 4:295–310

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mix JA, Crews WD (2002) Double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial of Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 in a sample of cognitively intact older adults: neuropsychological findings. Hum Psychopharmacol Clin Exp 17:267–277

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nathan PJ, Ricketts E, Wesnes K, Mrazek L, Greville W, Stough C (2002) The acute nootropic effects of Ginkgo biloba in healthy older human subjects: a preliminary investigation. Hum Psychopharmacol Clin Exp 17:45–49

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Persson J, Bringlöv E, Nilsson L-G, Nyberg L (2004) The memory-enhancing effects of ginseng and Ginkgo biloba in healthy volunteers. Psychopharmacology 172:430–434

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Solomon PR, Adams F, Silver A, Zimmer J, DeVeaux R (2002) Ginkgo for memory enhancement: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 288:835–840

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vogler BK, Pittler MH, Ernst E (1999) The efficacy of ginseng. A systematic review of randomised clinical trials. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 55:567–575

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wesnes KA, Zangara A, Scholey A, Kennedy D (2004) Natural products as cognition enhancing agents. In: Buccafusco JJ (ed) Cognitive enhancing drugs. Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel, pp 151–178

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Andrew Scholey.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Scholey, A., Kennedy, D. & Wesnes, K. The psychopharmacology of herbal extracts: issues and challenges. Psychopharmacology 179, 705–707 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-004-2062-9

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-004-2062-9

Keywords

Navigation