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Adrenergic targets for the treatment of cognitive deficits in schizophrenia

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Abstract

Rationale

The cognitive functions of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) are profoundly impaired in schizophrenic patients. Although dopamine has been the major focus of schizophrenia research, norepinephrine (NE) also has marked influences on PFC cognitive functioning.

Objective

This review aims to identify the adrenergic receptors which may be appropriate targets for therapeutic actions in schizophrenia.

Methods

Studies of adrenergic mechanisms influencing PFC function in animals and humans were reviewed.

Results

Modest levels of NE engage postsynaptic α2A-adrenergic receptors and strengthen working memory. These beneficial effects have been observed at both the behavioral and cellular levels in animals, and have translated to the clinic in patients with PFC impairments. Thus, the α2A-adrenergic receptor is a proven molecular target. In contrast, high levels of NE released during stress impair PFC cognitive function via activation of protein kinase C intracellular signaling, a pathway increasingly associated with the etiology of schizophrenia. Blockade of α1 adrenoceptors or inhibition of protein kinase C helps to protect PFC cognitive function in animals, and may have similar therapeutic actions in humans. Blockade of the α2C receptor may also be helpful in enhancing catecholamine release while blocking detrimental DA actions in striatum.

Conclusion

Highly selective adrenergic agents may be useful for enhancing PFC function in schizophrenic patients

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Acknowledgements

This research was supported by MERIT Award AG06036 and P50mH068789.

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  1. Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, PO Box 208001, New Haven, CT 06520-8001, USA

    Amy F. T. Arnsten

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  1. Amy F. T. Arnsten
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Correspondence to Amy F. T. Arnsten.

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Arnsten, A.F.T. Adrenergic targets for the treatment of cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. Psychopharmacology 174, 25–31 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-003-1724-3

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