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Saussurea costus (Falc.) Lipsch.: a comprehensive review of its pharmacology, phytochemicals, ethnobotanical uses, and therapeutic potential

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Abstract

Saussurea costus (Falc.) Lipsch., commonly known as costus, is a perennial herb that has been traditionally used in various indigenous medicinal systems across Asia. Its historical prominence in traditional remedies underscores the need to explore its phytochemical composition, pharmacological properties, and potential therapeutic benefits. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the available literature on the pharmacological properties, phytochemical constituents, ethnobotanical uses, and therapeutic potential of S. costus. An exhaustive search was performed across multiple electronic databases, including PubMed/MedLine, Google Scholar, Web of Science, Scopus, TRIP database, and Science Direct. Both experimental and clinical studies, as well as traditional ethnobotanical records, were considered for inclusion. The phytochemical analysis revealed that S. costus contains a plethora of bioactive compounds, including sesquiterpenes, flavonoids, and essential oils, which are responsible for its myriad of medicinal properties. The pharmacological studies have demonstrated its anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-cancer, hepatoprotective, and immunomodulatory effects, among others. Ethnobotanical data showcased its extensive use in treating ailments like asthma, digestive disorders, and skin conditions. Some clinical trials also underscore its efficacy in certain health conditions, corroborating its traditional uses. S. costus possesses significant therapeutic potential, largely attributable to its rich phytochemical composition; the convergence of its traditional uses and modern pharmacological findings suggests promising avenues for future research, especially in drug development and understanding its mechanism of action in various ailments.

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Abbreviations

AR:

androgen receptor

Bax:

Bcl-2-associated X protein

Bcl-2:

B-cell leukaemia/lymphoma 2 protein

CAM:

chorioallantoic membrane

CE:

costunolide

CHO:

Chinese hamster ovary

CITES:

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora

CTLs:

cytotoxic T lymphocytes

DE:

dehydrocostuslactone

D-Gal:

D-galactosamine

Dox:

doxorubicin

DPPH:

2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl

FC:

Folin and Ciocalteu

HBsAg:

hepatitis B surface antigen

HDL-C:

high-density lipoprotein cholesterol

Hep3B:

human hepatoma cells

ICAM-1:

intercellular adhesion molecule-1

IONPs:

iron oxide nanoparticles

LNCaP:

lymph node carcinoma of the prostate

LPS:

lipopolysaccharide

MES:

maximum electroshock seizure

MgONPs:

magnesium oxide nanoparticles

MTT:

3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide

NO:

nitric oxide

PdNPs:

palladium nanoparticles

PSA:

prostate Specific Antigen

PTZ:

pentylenetetrazole

SCE:

Saussurea costus root extract

STAT3:

signal transducer and activator of transcription 3

STLs:

sesquiterpene lactones

TCM:

traditional Chinese medicine

TNF-α:

tumor necrosis factor-alpha

UV:

ultraviolet

VEGF:

vascular endothelial growth factor

VEGFR:

vascular endothelial growth factor receptor

ZnONPs:

zinc oxide nanoparticles

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Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to the Central University of Himachal Pradesh, India for providing facilities and encouragement for the study.

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Author notes

  1. Ruchika Kumari, Madhvi Negi, Palak Thakur, Himadri Mahajan, and Kirti Raina contributed equally to this work

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Plant Science, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Dharamshala, Himachal Pradesh, India

    Ruchika Kumari, Madhvi Negi, Palak Thakur, Himadri Mahajan, Kirti Raina & Ashun Chaudhary

  2. Department of Forest Products, College of Forestry, Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India

    Rohit Sharma

  3. Department of Zoology, Khalsa College, Amritsar, 143002, Punjab, India

    Randeep Singh

  4. Department of Physics & Astronomical Sciences, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Dharamshala, Himachal Pradesh, India

    Vikas Anand

  5. School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia

    Long Chiau Ming

  6. Faculty of Data Science and Information Technology, INTI International University, 71800, Nilai, Malaysia

    Khang Wen Goh

  7. Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349, Craiova, Romania

    Daniela Calina

  8. Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Azuay, Cuenca, Ecuador

    Javad Sharifi-Rad

Authors
  1. Ruchika Kumari
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  13. Ashun Chaudhary
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Contributions

Ruchika Kumari, Madhvi Negi, Palak Thakur, Himadri Mahajan, Kirti Raina, Rohit Sharma, Randeep Singh, Vikas Anand, Long Chiau Ming, Khang Wen Goh, Daniela Calina, Javad Sharifi-Rad, and Ashun Chaudhary made a significant contribution to the work reported, whether that is in the conception, study design, execution, acquisition of data, analysis, and interpretation, or in all these areas. That is revising or critically reviewing the article; giving final approval of the version to be published; agreeing on the journal to which the article has been submitted; and confirming to be accountable for all aspects of the work. The authors confirm that no paper mill and artificial intelligence was used.

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Correspondence to Daniela Calina, Javad Sharifi-Rad or Ashun Chaudhary.

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Kumari, R., Negi, M., Thakur, P. et al. Saussurea costus (Falc.) Lipsch.: a comprehensive review of its pharmacology, phytochemicals, ethnobotanical uses, and therapeutic potential. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol 397, 1505–1524 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00210-023-02694-0

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