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Mixed azo dyes degradation by an intracellular azoreductase enzyme from alkaliphilic Bacillus subtilis: a molecular docking study

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Abstract

The rise of pollution due to the dye industries and textile wastes are evolving rapidly every day. The dyes are used in different trade names by the textile industries. The actual chemistry of dye is vague and difficult to understand even today though we are equipped technically. The toxic effects of the dyes and the reasons behind the acute toxicity are also an undiscovered mystery; therefore, no effective measures can be employed to degrade dyes. Deploying physical or chemical methods to pre-treat the azo dyes are expensive, extremely energy-consuming, and are not environment friendly. Hence, the use of microbes for textile dye degradation will be eco-friendly and is probably a cost-effective alternative to physicochemical methods. The present study was conducted to investigate the degradation of azo dyes isolated from textile effluent contaminated soil by employing the bacterial strains for degradation. The bacterial strains could degrade the optimum concentration of mixed azo dyes (200 mg/L) with an incubation up to 5 days. The decolourization of the dyes was expressed in terms of percentage of decolourization, and was found that about 87.35% of degradation by Bacillus subtilis strain. The enzyme responsible was analyzed as intracellular azoreductase involved in the degradation of mixed azo dyes. The enzymatic pathway and 1-phenyl-2–4(4-methyl phenyl)-diazene 1-oxide was observed as the major metabolite by GC–MS analysis. The in silico study determined the binding of mixed azo dye with azoreductase and hypothesized that their linking could be the main reason for the degradation of mixed azo dye.

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Acknowledgements

We would like to thank UGC-MRP-SERO MRP-2017 (6970/16) for funding this project. We would like to thank DST-FIST CRIST LAB, Stella Maris College (Autonomous). We would like to extend our gratitude to SAIF IITM, Department of Chemistry IITM for SEM analysis and VIT, Vellore.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biotechnology, Stella Maris College (Autonomous), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India

    A. Krithika & K. Veena Gayathri

  2. Department of Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India

    D. Thirumal Kumar & C. George Priya Doss

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  1. A. Krithika
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  2. K. Veena Gayathri
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  3. D. Thirumal Kumar
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  4. C. George Priya Doss
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Correspondence to K. Veena Gayathri.

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Krithika, A., Gayathri, K.V., Kumar, D.T. et al. Mixed azo dyes degradation by an intracellular azoreductase enzyme from alkaliphilic Bacillus subtilis: a molecular docking study. Arch Microbiol 203, 3033–3044 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00203-021-02299-2

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