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Voltage reduction strategy for V–I droop-based stand-alone microgrid considering demand side management capability

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Abstract

The classical droop method is widely used in AC microgrid (MG) for sharing load among distributed generations. Apart from interlinking the DC sources, the voltage source inverters control the power flow from renewable energy sources. Thus, they contribute toward the demand side management (DSM) by employing the voltage reduction method (VRM). The VRM is widely utilized in the distribution system of the grid network, its concern is to reduce the voltage in a suitable manner so as to maintain the voltage within the acceptable limits, leading to power savings. However, the application of VRM in the stand-alone MG is very scarce. Thus, this paper attempts to apply VRM so as to achieve not only the benefits pertaining to voltage control but also power savings from DSM. The voltage–current (V–I) droop characteristics are of paramount importance for DSM using VRM to increase the number of consumers during high demand of electrical energy. One of the important contributions is modification of the P–f droop control to maintain the frequency of the MG within the permissible limit while applying VRM. In addition, the behavior of three-phase to ground fault is being investigated and competency of the control algorithm is validated through implementation on 5 bus stand-alone microgrid system and further, it is tested on IEEE 14 bus test system. The efficacy of the proposed approach is established through the comparison of the results with those for classical voltage and frequency-based droop schemes bereft of communication ability. The control mechanism has also been validated in real-time using schematic editor of Typhoon virtual HIL 402.

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Abbreviations

DG:

Distributed generation

MG:

Microgrid

VSI:

Voltage source inverter

CVR:

Conservation voltage reduction

DSM:

Demand side management

VRM:

Voltage reduction method

V–I droop:

Voltage–current droop

VVC:

Volt/var control

PCC:

Point of common coupling

HIL:

Hardware in the loop

\(f_{{{\text{con}}}}\) :

Frequency generated by conventional P–f droop

\(V_{{{\text{con}}}}\) :

Voltage generated by conventional QV droop

\(f_{{{\text{nom}}}}\) :

No load frequency

\(V_{{{\text{nom}}}}\) :

Nominal voltage

\(P_{{{\text{vsi}}}}\) :

Active power provided by inverter

\(Q_{{{\text{vsi}}}}\) :

Reactive power provided by inverter

j :

Droop gain of P–f droop

k :

Droop gain of QV droop

\(f_{{{\text{min}}}}\) :

Minimum frequency

\(V_{{d{\text{-min}}}}\) :

Minimum d-axis voltage

\(P_{{{\text{max}}}}\) :

Maximum active power provided by inverter

\(Q_{{{\text{max}}}}\) :

Maximum reactive power provided by inverter

\(f_{{{\text{op}}}}\) :

Operational frequency

\(V_{{d{\text{-op}}}}\) :

Operational d-axis voltage

\(P_{{{\text{op}}}}\) :

Operational active power

\(Q_{{{\text{op}}}}\) :

Operational reactive power

\(V_{dr}\) :

Reference d-axis voltage

\(V_{qr}\) :

Reference q-axis voltage

\(P_{{{\text{ov}}}}\) :

Overloaded active power

\(Q_{{{\text{ov}}}}\) :

Overloaded reactive power

\(f_{{{\text{ov}}}}\) :

Frequency during overloading situation

\(V_{{d{\text{-ov}}}}\) :

Voltage during overloading situation

\(V_{d}\) :

Nominal voltage

\(I_{{\text{filter,rms}}}\) :

Output current provided by the inverter

\(Z_{L}\) :

Droop gain of V–I droop

\(Z_{1}\) :

Network impedance between bus 1 and bus 2

\(Z_{2}\) :

Network impedance between bus 2 and bus 3

\(Z_{3}\) :

Network impedance between bus 3 and bus 4

\(I_{{\text{R}}}\) :

Reduced current corresponding to set voltage of 0.9 p.u.

\(I_{{\text{d}}}\) :

Current demand of the load

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Acknowledgements

This research work is supported under Core Research Grant scheme (Project ID: CRG/2021/007769) of Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB), Department of Science and Technology (DST), Government of India (GoI) to the Department of EEE, BIT—Mesra, Ranchi, India.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, India

    Sumit Kumar Jha, Deepak Kumar & D. K. Mohanta

  2. Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Presidency University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India

    Sumit Kumar Jha

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Appendix

Appendix

The parameters for the cascade control are illustrated as: -

\(K_{ic}\) = 4500; \({\text{Kpc}}\) = 5; \(K_{iv}\) = 300; \(K_{{{\text{pv}}}}\) = 0.085, \(L_{{{\text{filter}}}}\) = 0.1mH, \(C_{{{\text{filter}}}}\) = 3.78 µF,

The parameters for DGs are:

DG_1: 8 kVA, 314 radians/s, \(K_{{{\text{B1}}}}\) = 0.5, H = 0.8, j1 = \(K_{A1}\) = 3e−5 rad/s/W.

DG_2: 12 kVA, 314 radians/s, \(K_{{{\text{B2}}}}\) = 0.5, H = 0.8, j2 = \(K_{A2}\) = 0.7e−5 rad/s/W.

DG_3: 6 kVA, 314 radians/s, \(K_{{{\text{B3}}}}\) = 0.5, H = 0.8, j3 = \(K_{A3}\) = 6e−5 rad/s/W.

The QV droop coefficient is defined as:

k1 = 1e−3 V/Var

k2 = 4e−4 V/Var

k3 = 1.5e−5 V/Var

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Jha, S.K., Kumar, D. & Mohanta, D.K. Voltage reduction strategy for V–I droop-based stand-alone microgrid considering demand side management capability. Electr Eng 104, 4451–4476 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00202-022-01632-2

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