Abstract
This paper presents the model of a solid-state transformer (SST) for distribution system studies with some advanced features. The model is based on a previous work in which a bidirectional SST with a MV-side modular multilevel converter (MMC) configuration was proposed. The new model incorporates the representation of semiconductor losses and some improvements in the control strategies of some SST stages. As the previous model, the new model has been implemented in Matlab/Simulink, and its behavior has been tested by carrying out several case studies under different operating conditions when the SST is connected to a radial distribution system. The paper also includes a discussion of the main model limitations and the future work.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bifaretti S, Zanchetta P, Watson A, Tarisciotti L, Clare JC (2011) Advanced power electronic conversion and control system for universal and flexible power management. IEEE Trans Smart Grid 2(2):231–243
Wang J, Huang AQ, Sung W, Liu Y, Baliga BJ (2009) Smart grid technologies. IEEE Ind Electron Mag 3(2):16–23
Lai JS (2009) Power conditioning circuit topologies. IEEE Ind Electron Mag 3(2):24–34
Qin H, Kimball JW (2010) A comparative efficiency study of silicon-based solid state transformers. In: IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE)
Peña-Alzola R, Gohil G, Mathe L, Liserre M, Blaabjerg F (2013) Review of modular power converters solutions for smart transformer in distribution system. In: IEEE energy conversion congress and exposition (ECCE)
Guerra G, Martinez-Velasco JA (2017) A solid state transformer model for power flow calculations. Int J Electr Power Energy Syst 89:40–51
Rajapakse AD, Gole AM, Wilson PL (2005) Electromagnetic transients simulation models for accurate representation of switching losses and thermal performance in power electronic system. IEEE Trans Power Del 20(1):319–327
Drofenik U, Kolar JW (2005) A general scheme for calculating switching- and conduction-losses of power semiconductors in numerical circuit simulations of power electronic systems. Power Electronic Systems Laboratory (PES), ETH, Zurich
Hosseini Aghdam MG, Fathi SH, Ghasemi A (2005) The analysis of conduction and switching losses in three-phase OHSW multilevel inverter using switching functions. In: IEEE international conference on power electronics and drive systems (PEDS)
Wang H, Tang G, He Z, Cao J, Zhang X (2015) Analytical approximate calculation of losses for modular multilevel converters. IET Gener Transm Dis 9(16):2455–2465
Adabi ME, Martinez Velasco JA, Alepuz S (2017) Modeling and simulation of a MMC-based solid-state transformer. Electr Eng. doi:10.1007/s00202-017-0510-x
Davari M, Mohamed YARI (2017) Robust vector control of a very weak grid-connected voltage-source converter considering the phase locked loop dynamics. IEEE Trans Power Electron 32(2):977–994
Development of a new multilevel converter-based intelligent universal transformer: design analysis. EPRI Report 1002159 (2004)
She X, Huang AQ, Burgos R (2013) Review of solid-state transformer technologies and their application in power distribution systems. IEEE J Emerg Sel Top Power Electron 1(3):186–198
Falcones Zambrano SD (2011) A DC–DC multiport converter based solid state transformer integrating distributed generation and storage. PhD Thesis, Arizona State University
López M, Rodríguez A, Blanco E, Saeed M, Martínez Á, Briz F (2015) Design and implementation of the control of an MMC-based solid state transformer. In: 13th IEEE international conference on industrial informatics (INDIN)
Xiong J, Li Y, Cao Y, Panasetsky D, Sidorov D (2016) Modeling and operating characteristic analysis of MMC-SST based shipboard power system. In: IEEE PES Asia–Pacific power and energy engineering conference (APPEEC)
Shojaei A (2014) Design of modular multilevel converter-based solid state transformers. Master’s Dissertation, McGill University
Saeedifard M, Iravani R (2010) Dynamic performance of a modular multilevel back-to-back HVDC System. IEEE Trans Power Electron 25(4):2903–2912
Saad H, Dennetiere S, Mahseredjian J, Ould-Bachir T, David JP (2014) Simulation of transients for VSC-HVDC transmission systems based on modular multilevel converters. In: Martinez-Velasco JA (ed) Chapter 9 of transient analysis of power systems. Wiley-IEEE Press. ISBN: 9781118694190
Harnefors L, Bongiorno M, Lundberg S (2007) Input-admittance calculation and shaping for controlled voltage-source converters. IEEE Trans Ind Electron 54(6):3323–3334
Dong D, Wen B, Boroyevich D, Mattavelli P, Xue Y (2015) Analysis of phase-locked loop low-frequency stability in three-phase grid-connected power converters considering impedance interactions. IEEE Trans Ind Electron 62(1):310–321
Zhou J, Hui D, Fan S, Zhang Y, Gole AM (2014) Impact of short-circuit ratio and phase-locked-loop parameters on the small-signal behavior of a VSC-HVDC converter. IEEE Trans Power Del 29(5):2287–2296
Huang Y, Yuan X, Hu J, Zhou P (2015) Modeling of VSC connected to weak grid for stability analysis of DC-link voltage control. IEEE J Emerg Sel Top Power Electron 3(4):1193–1204
Lezana P, Silva CA, Rodríguez J, Pérez MA (2007) Zero-steady-state-error input-current controller for regenerative multilevel converters based on single-phase cells. IEEE Trans Ind Electron 54(2):733–740
Helin W, Qiming C, Ming L, Gen C, Liang D (2014) The study of single-phase PWM rectifier based on pr control strategy. In: 26th Chinese control and decision conference (CCDC)
Martinez-Velasco JA, Alepuz S, González-Molina F, Martin-Arnedo J (2014) Dynamic average modeling of a bidirectional solid state transformer for feasibility studies and real-time implementation. Electric Power Syst Res 117:143–153
Alepuz S, González F, Martin-Arnedo J, Martinez-Velasco JA (2013) Solid state transformer with low-voltage ride-through and current unbalance management capabilities. In: 39th annual conference of the IEEE industrial electronics society (IECON)
Alepuz S, González-Molina F, Martin-Arnedo J, Martinez-Velasco JA (2014) Development and testing of a bidirectional distribution electronic power transformer model. Electric Power Syst Res 107:230–239
Ebrahimzadeh E, Farhangi S, Iman-Eini H, Blaabjerg F (2016) Modulation technique for four-leg voltage source inverter without a look-up table. IET Power Electron 9(4):648–656
Perales MA, Prats MM, Portillo R, Mora JL, Leon JI, Franquelo LG (2003) Three-dimensional space vector modulation in abc coordinates for four-leg voltage source converters. IEEE Power Electron Lett 99(4):104–109
Gannett RA (2001) Control strategies for high power four-leg voltage source inverters. Master’s Dissertation, Faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
Mattavelli P, Fasolo S (2000) Implementation of synchronous frame harmonic control for high-performance AC power supplies. In: IEEE industry applications conference (IAS)
Dehghan SM, Ale Ahmad A, Lourakzadegan R, Fazeli M, Mohamadian M, Abrishamifar A (2011) A high performance controller for parallel operation of three-Phase UPSs powering unbalanced and nonlinear loads. In: 2nd power electronics, drive systems and technologies Conference (PEDSTC)
Pattnaik M, Kastha D (2013) Unbalance and harmonic voltage compensation for a stand-alone variable speed constant frequency double-output induction generator supplying non-linear and unbalanced loads. IET Electr Power Appl 7(1):27–38
Wang D, Tian J, Mao C, Lu J, Duan Y, Qiu J, Cai H (2016) A 10-kV/400-V 500-kVA electronic power transformer. IEEE Trans Ind Electron 63(11):6653–6663
Savaghebi M, Jalilian A, Vasquez JC, Guerrero JM (2011) Selective compensation of voltage harmonics in an islanded microgrid. In: 2nd power electronics, drive systems and technologies Conference (PEDSTC)
Graovac D, Pürschel M (2009) IGBT power losses calculation using the data-sheet parameters. In: Infineon technologies application note 1
Blaabjerg F, Jaeger U, Munk-Nielsen S, Pedersen JK (1995) Power losses in PWM-VSI inverter using NPT or PT IGBT devices. IEEE Trans Power Electron 10(3):358–367
Bahman AS, Blaabjerg F (2013) Comparison between 9-level hybrid asymmetric and conventional multi-level inverters for medium voltage application. In: IEEE international symposium on industrial electronics (ISIE)
Liu C, Wu B, Zargari NR, Xu D, Wang J (2009) A novel three-phase three-leg AC/AC converter using nine IGBTs. IEEE Trans Power Electron 24(5):1151–1160
Fatemi A, Azizi M, Mohamadian M, Yazdian Varjani A, Shahparasti M (2013) Single-phase dual-output inverters with three-switch legs. IEEE Trans Ind Electron 60(5):1769–1779
Tu Q, Xu Z (2011) Power losses evaluation for modular multilevel converter with junction temperature feedback. In: IEEE power & energy society general meeting
Hassanpoor A, Norrga S, Nami A (2015) Loss evaluation for modular multilevel converters with different switching strategies. In: 9th international conference on power electronics and ECCE Asia (ICPE-ECCE Asia)
Li J, Zhao X, Song Q, Rao H, Xu S, Chen M (2013) Loss calculation method and loss characteristic analysis of MMC based VSC-HVDC system. In: IEEE international symposium on industrial electronics (ISIE)
Rajapakse AD, Gole AM, Jayasinghe RP (2009) An improved representation of facts controller semiconductor losses in EMTP-type programs using accurate loss-power injection into network solution. IEEE Trans Power Del 24(1):381–389
Luo Z (2002) A thermal model for IGBT modules and its implementation in real time simulator. PhD Dissertation, University of Pittsburgh
Ma K, Bahman AS, Beczkowski S, Blaabjerg F (2015) Complete loss and thermal model of powersemiconductors including devicerating information. IEEE Trans Power Electron 30(5):2556–2569
Oberdorf MC (2006) Power losses and thermal modeling of a voltage source inverter. Master’s Dissertation, Naval postgraduate school
Huber JE, Kolar JW (2014) Volume/weight/cost comparison of a 1 MVA 10 kV/400 V solid-state against a conventional low-frequency distribution transformer. In: IEEE energy conversion congress exposition (ECCE)
Rothmund D, Ortiz G, Guillod T, Kolar JW (2015) 10kV SiC-based isolated DC-DC converter for medium voltage-connected solid-state transformers. In: IEEE applied power electronics conference and exposition (APEC)
Madhusoodhanan S, Tripathi A, Patel D, Mainali K, Kadavelugu A, Hazra S, Bhattacharya S, Hatua K (2015) Solid-state transformer and MV grid tie applications enabled by 15 kV SiC IGBTs and 10 kV SiC MOSFETs based multilevel converters. IEEE Trans Ind Appl 51(4):3343–3360
Huang AQ, Wang L, Tian Q, Zhu Q, Chen D, Yu W (2016) Medium voltage solid state transformers based on 15 kV SiC MOSFET and JBS diode. In: 42nd annual conference of the IEEE industrial electronics society (IECON)
Evans NM, Lagier T, Pereira A (2016) A preliminary loss comparison of solid-state transformers in a rail application employing silicon carbide (SiC) MOSFET switches. In: 8th IET international conference on power electronics, machines and drives (PEMD)
Huang AQ (2016) Medium-voltage solid-state transformer. IEEE Ind Electron Mag 10(3):29–42
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Adabi, M.E., Martinez-Velasco, J.A. MMC-based solid-state transformer model including semiconductor losses. Electr Eng 100, 1613–1630 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00202-017-0640-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00202-017-0640-1