Abstract
Micro-blast waves emerging from the open end of a detonation transmission tube were experimentally visualized in this study. A commercially available detonation transmission tube was used (Nonel tube, M/s Dyno Nobel, Sweden), which is a small diameter tube coated with a thin layer of explosive mixture (HMX \(+\) traces of Al) on its inner side. The typical explosive loading for this tube is of the order of 18 mg/m of tube length. The blast wave was visualized using a high speed digital camera (frame rate 1 MHz) to acquire time-resolved schlieren images of the resulting flow field. The visualization studies were complemented by computational fluid dynamic simulations. An analysis of the schlieren images showed that although the blast wave appears to be spherical, it propagates faster along the tube axis than along a direction perpendicular to the tube axis. Additionally, CFD analysis revealed the presence of a barrel shock and Mach disc, showing structures that are typical of an underexpanded jet. A theory in use for centered large–scale explosions of intermediate strength \((10\, < \Delta {p}/{p}_0 \lesssim \, 0.02)\) gave good agreement with the blast trajectory along the tube axis. The energy of these micro-blast waves was found to be \(1.25 \pm 0.94\) J and the average TNT equivalent was found to be \(0.3\). The repeatability in generating these micro-blast waves using the Nonel tube was very good \((\pm 2~\%)\) and this opens up the possibility of using this device for studying some of the phenomena associated with muzzle blasts in the near future.
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
\(\sqrt{(1/\sqrt{3})^2 +(2/\sqrt{6})^2}\) pixel.
Maximum uncertainty: (\({4.65}/{9}-{4.65}/{10}\)) mm/pixel.
References
Kleine, H., Takayama, K.: Laboratory-scale blast wave phenomena. In: Symposium on Interdisciplinary Shock Wave Research, Sendai, Japan, pp. 257–276 (2004)
Kleine, H., Dewey, J.M., Ohashi, K., Mizukaki, T., Takayama, K.: Studies of the TNT equivalence of silver azide charges. Shock Waves 13, 123–138 (2003)
Hargather, M.J., Settles, G.S.: Optical measurement and scaling of blasts from gram-range explosive charges. Shock Waves 17, 215–223 (2007)
Jiang, Z., Takayama, K., Moosad, K.P.B., Onodera, O., Sun, M.: Numerical and experimental study of a micro-blast wave generated by pulsed-laser beam focusing. Shock Waves 8, 337–349 (1998)
Celander, H.: The use of a compressed air operated shock tube for physiological blast research. ACTA Physiol. Scand 33, 6–13 (1955)
Reener, D.V., Hisel, R.D., Hoffman, J.M., Kryscio, R.J., Lusk, B.T., Geddes, J.W.: A multi-mode shock tube for investigation of blast-induced traumatic brain injury. Neurotrauma 28, 95–104 (2011)
Takayama, K., Saito, T.: Shock wave/geophysical and medical applications. Ann. Rev. Fluid Mech. 36, 347–379 (2004)
Jagadeesh, G., Prakash, G.D., Rakesh, S.G., Allam, U.S., Krishna, M.G., Eswarappa, S.M., Chakravortty, D.: Needleless vaccine delivery using micro-shock waves. Clin. Vaccine Immunol. 18, 539–545 (2011)
Prakash, G.D., Anish, R.V., Jagadeesh, G., Chakravortty, D.: Bacterial transformation using micro-shock waves. Anal. Biochem. 419, 292–301 (2011)
Tsang, D.K.L.: A numerical study of a detonation wave in detonation transmission tubing. Math. Comput. Model. 44, 717–734 (2006)
Oommen, C., Jagadeesh, G., Raghunandan, B.N.: Studies on micro explosive driven blast wave propagation in confined domains using NONEL tubes. In: Proceedings of the 26th International Symposium on Shock Waves, Gottingen, Germany, 15–20th July 2007, vol. 2, pp. 1515–1520 (2009)
Product Literature from ET, Inc. Subsidiary of OEA, Inc. (1990)
Ellison, S.L.R., Rosslein, M., Williams, A. (eds.): Quantifying Uncertainty in Analytical Measurement. EURACHEM/CITAC Guide, 2nd edn. (2000)
MATLAB, version 7.11 (R2010b). The MathWorks Inc., Natick, Massachusetts (2010)
Klingenberg, G., Heimerl, J.M.: Heimerl. Gun Muzzle Blast and Flash. AIAA Progress Series (1989)
ANSYS Academic Research CFD, Release 13.0. ANSYS Inc., USA
Cler, D.L.: Techniques for analysis and validation of unsteady blast wave propagation, Technical Report, ARCCB-TR-03012. US Army Armament Research, Development and Engineering Center, NY (2003)
Dewey, J.M.: The properties of a blast wave obtained from an analysis of the particle trajectories. Proc. R. Soc. A 324, 275–299 (1971)
Sloan, S.A., Nettleton, M.A.: A model for the axial decay of a shock wave in a large abrupt area change. J. Fluid Mech. 71, 769–784 (1975)
Hutchens, G.J.: Approximate near-field blast theory: a generalized approach. J. Appl. Phys. 88, 3654–3658 (2000)
Jones, D.L.: Intermediate strength blast wave. Phys. Fluids 11, 1664–1667 (1968)
Jones, D.L.: Strong blast waves in spherical, cylindrical, and plane shocks. Phys. Fluids 4, 1183–1184 (1961)
Needham, C.E.: Blast Waves. Springer, Berlin (2010)
Kirk, D.R., Faure, J.M., Gutierrez, H., Svetlov, S.I., Hayes, R.L., Wang, K.K.W.: Generation and analysis of blast waves from a compressed air-driven shock tube. In: 38th Fluid Dynamics Conference and Exhibit (AIAA 2008–3847), 23–26 June 2008, Seattle, Washington (2008)
Acknowledgments
The authors wish to thank the Armament Research Board, and the Defense Research and Development Organization, New Delhi for providing financial support to this project. The support extended by the staff at the Laboratory for Hypersonic and Shock Wave Research, Bangalore, India and The Aero-Physics Laboratory, Manchester, UK are gratefully acknowledged with thanks. The authors also like to thank the referees for pointing out several shortcomings in an earlier version of this manuscript.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Communicated by F. Zhang and E. Timofeev.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Samuelraj, I.O., Jagadeesh, G. & Kontis, K. Micro-blast waves using detonation transmission tubing. Shock Waves 23, 307–316 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00193-012-0416-5
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00193-012-0416-5