Abstract
This article investigates whether income support for low-paid part-time workers in Belgium increases the transition from unemployment to non-subsidised, ‘regular’ employment. Our analysis uses a sample of long-term unemployed young women. Observing their labour market histories from 1998 to 2001, we implement the ‘timing of events’ method to identify the treatment effect. Our results suggest that participation in the policy has a significantly positive effect on the transition to regular employment. Participation reduced the survivor rate in unemployment by 27% points 1 year after the start of the programme. The time spent in the programme did not affect the transition to regular employment.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abbring JH, van den Berg GJ (2003) The nonparametric identification of treatment effects in duration models. Econometrica 71: 1491–1517
Abbring JH, van den Berg GJ (2004) Analyzing the effect of dynamically assigned treatments using duration models, binary treatment models, and panel data models. Empir Econ 29(1): 5–20
Abbring JH, van den Berg GJ (2005) Social experiments and instrumental variables with duration outcomes. Tinbergen Institute Discussion Paper, TI 2005-047/3
Autor DH, Houseman SN (2005) Do temporary help jobs improve labor market outcomes for low-skilled workers? Evidence from random assignments. Uppjohn Institute Staff Working Paper No. 05-124, Uppjohn Institute, Kalamazoo
Blank RM (1998) Labor market dynamics and part-time work. In: Polachek SW (eds) Research in labor economics, vol 17. JAI Press, Greenwich, CT, pp 57–93
Blundell R, Hoynes HW (2003) Has “in-work” benefit reform helped the labor market?. In: Card D, Blundell R, Freeman RB (eds) Seeking a premier economy: the economic effects of British economic reforms, 1980–2000. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago
Blundell R, Costa Dias M, Meghir C, Van Reenen J (2004) Evaluating the employment impact of a mandatory search program. J Eur Econ Assoc 2: 569–606
Bonnal L, Fougère D, Sérandon A (1994) L’impact des dispositifs d’emploi sur le devenir des jeunes chômeurs: une évaluation économétrique sur données longitudinales. Economie et Prévision, No. 115, pp 1–28
Bonnal L, Fougère D, Sérandon A (1997) Evaluation the impact of French employment policies on individual labour market histories. Rev Econ Stud 64: 683–713
Booth AL, Francesconi M, Frank J (2002) Temporary jobs: stepping-stones or dead ends?. Econ J 112: 189–215
Brinch C (2007) Non-parametric identification of the mixed hazard model with time-varying covariates. Econom Theory 23(2): 349–354
Buddelmeyer H, Mourre G, Ward-Warmedinger M (2005) Part-time work in EU countries—labour market mobility, entry and exit. European Central Bank Working Paper Series, No. 460
Burtless G (1985) Are targeted wage subsidies harmful? Evidence from a wage voucher experiment. Ind Labor Relat Rev 39(1): 105–114
Cahuc P (2002) A quoi sert la prime pour l’emploi?. Revue française d’Economie 16: 3–61
Calmfors L (1994) Active labor market policy and unemployment—a framework for the analysis of crucial design features. OECD Econ Stud 22: 7–47
Card D, Hyslop DR (2005) Estimating the effects of a time-limited earnings subsidy for welfare-leavers. Econometrica 73(6): 1723–1770
Card D, Michalopoulos C, Robins PK (2001) Measuring wage growth among former welfare recipients. Working Paper, Gouvernement du Canada/Human Resources Development
Chamberlain G (1980) Analysis of covariance with qualitative data. Rev Econ Stud 47: 225–238
Cockx B, Picchio M (2009) Are short-lived jobs stepping stones to long-lasting jobs? IZA Discussion Paper Series, DP No. 4007, Bonn
Cockx B, Ridder G (2001) Social employment of welfare recipients in Belgium: an evaluation. Econ J 111: 322–352
Crépon B, Dejemeppe M, Gurgand M (2005) Counseling the unemployed: does it lower unemployment duration and recurrence? IZA Discussion Paper Series, DP No. 1796, Bonn
D’Addio A, Rosholm M (2005) Exits from temporary jobs in Europe: a competing risks analysis. Labour Econ 12: 449–468
De Greef I (2000) Les pièges financiers en Belgique: Aperçu de la législation du chômage, des spécificités institutionnelles et études de cas types. Revue Belge de Sécurité Sociale 42(2): 265–327
Dubin JA, Rivers D (1993) Experimental estimates of the impact of wage subsidies. J Econom 56(1/2): 219–242
Dustmann C, Meghir C (2005) Wages, experience and seniority. Rev Econ Stud 72: 77–108
Eissa N, Hoynes HW (2006) Behavioral responses to taxes: lessons from the EITC and labor supply. In: Poterba J (eds) Tax policy and the economy, vol 20. NBER, Cambridge, pp 73–110
Eurostat (2006) EC economic data pocket book 4-05. European Communities
Farber HS (1999) Alternative and part-time employment arrangements as a response to job loss. J Labor Econ Part 2 17(4): S142–S169
Francesconi M, Vander Klaauw W (2007) The socioeconomic consequences of ‘in-work’ benefit reform for British lone mothers. J Hum Resour 42(1): 1–31
Gagliarducci S (2005) The dynamics of repeated temporary jobs. Labour Econ 12: 429–448
Gaure S, Roed K, Zhang T (2007) Time and causality: a Monte Carlo assessment of the timing-of-events approach. J Econom 141: 1159–1195
Gerfin M, Lechner M, Steiger H (2005) Does subsidised temporary employment get the unemployed back to work? An econometric analysis of two different schemes. Labour Econ 12(6): 807–835
Gladden T, Taber C (2000) Wage progression among less skilled workers. In: Card D, Blank RM (eds) Finding jobs: work and welfare reform. Russell Sage Foundation, New York
Granier P, Joutard X (1999) L’activité réduite favorise-t-elle la sortie du chômage?. Economie et Statistique No. 321–322(1/2): 133–148
Grogger J (2009) Welfare reform, returns to experience, and wages: using reservation wages to account for sample selection bias. Rev Econ Stat 91(3): 490–502
Hardoy I, Schøne P (2006) The part-time wage gap in Norway: how large is it really?. Br J Ind Relat 44(2): 263–282
Hirsch B (2005) Why do part-time workers earn less? The role of worker and job skills. Ind Labor Relat Rev 58(4): 525–551
Heckman J, Singer B (1984) A method for minimizing the impact of distributional assumptions in econometric models for duration data. Econometrica 52: 271–320
Heckman J, Lochner L, Taber C (1998) General equilibrium treatment effects: a study of tuition policy. Am Econ Rev 88(2): 381–386
Jepsen M, O’Dorchai S, Plasman R, Rycx F (2005) The wage penalty induced by part-time work: the case of Belgium. Bruss Econ Rev 48(1/2): 73–94
Kvasnicka M (2008) Does Temporary Help Work Provide a Stepping Stone to Regular Employment? NBER Working Papers, No. 13843
Kyrrä T (2008) Partial unemployment insurance benefits and the transition rate to regular work. VATT Discussion Paper, 440. Government Institute of Economic Research, Helsinki
Kyrrä T, Parrotta P, Rosholm M (2009) The effect of receiving supplementary UI benefits on unemployment duration. IZA Discussion Paper, No. 3920. IZA, Bonn
Lancaster T (1990) The econometric analysis of transition data. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Larssen L, Lindqvist L, Nordström Skans O (2005) Stepping-stones or dead-ends: an analysis of Swedish replacement contracts. IFAU Working Paper, No. 2005-18. IFAU, Uppsala
Lindsay BG (1983) The geometry of mixture likelihoods: a general theory. Ann Stat 11: 86–94
Ma CA, Weiss A (1993) A signalling theory of unemployment. Eur Econ Rev 37: 135–157
Manning A, Petrongolo B (2008) The part-time pay penalty for women in Britain. Econ J 118(526): F28–F51
Mc Call B (1996) Unemployment insurance rules, joblessness, and part-time work. Econometrica 64: 647–682
Mc Call B (1997) The determinants of full-time versus part-time reemployment following displacement. J Labor Econ 15(4): 714–734
McCormick B (1990) A theory of signalling during job search, employment, efficiency, and “stigmatised” jobs. Rev Econ Stud 57: 299–313
Meghir C, Whitehouse E (1996) The evolution of wages in the UK: evidence from micro data. J Labor Econ 14(1): 1–25
Meyer BD (1995) Lessons from the U.S. unemployment insurance experiments. J Econ Lit 33: 91–131
Richardson K, Van den Berg GJ (2008) Duration dependence versus unobserved heterogeneity in treatment effects: Swedish labor market training and the duration of unemployment. IFAU Discussion Paper, No. 7, Uppsala
Ridder G (1984) The distribution of single-spell duration data. In: Neumann GR, Westergård NC (eds) Studies in labor market dynamics. Springer, Darmstadt, pp 45–73
Rodgers JR (2004) Hourly wages of full-time and part-time employees in Australia. Aust J Labour Econ 7(2): 231–254
Van den Berg GJ (2001) Durationmodels: specification, identification, andmultiple durations. In: Heckman JJ, Leamer EHandbook of econometrics, vol V. North-Holland, Amsterdam
Van Ours JC (2004) The locking-in effect of subsidized jobs. J Comp Econ 32/1: 37–52
Wooldridge JM (2002) Econometric Analysis of cross section and panel data. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA/London, England
Zijl M, Van den Berg G, Heyma A (2004) Stepping stones for the unemployed: the effect of temporary jobs on the duration until regular work. IZA Discussion Paper, No. 1241. IZA, Bonn
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Cockx, B., Goebel, C. & Robin, S. Can income support for part-time workers serve as a stepping-stone to regular jobs? An application to young long-term unemployed women. Empir Econ 44, 189–229 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00181-010-0357-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00181-010-0357-8