Skip to main content
Log in

A comprehensive German business cycle chronology

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Empirical Economics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Business cycle chronologies offer reference points for empirical studies used as benchmarks for business cycle and recession theory. A quasi-official chronology exists for the US economy, but not for most European countries, including Germany. While most papers dealing with business cycle dates rely on one specific method, I present and discuss a number of different dating approaches based on the classical business cycle. These are applied to German GDP data comprising 1970–2006. Finally, based on the results of the different methods, a consensus business cycle chronology for the German economy is suggested.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Altissimo F, Bassanetti A, Cristadoro R et al (2001) A real time coincident indicator of the Euro area business cycle. CEPR Discussion Paper 3108

  • Altissimo F, Cristadoro R, Forni M et al (2006) New Eurocoin: tracking economic growth in real time. CEPR Discussion Paper 5633

  • Artis MJ, Kontolemis ZG, Osborn DR (1997) Business cycles for G7 and European countries. J Bus 70: 249–279

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Artis MJ, Marcellino M, Proietti T (2004) Dating business cycles: a methodological contribution with an application to the Euro area. Oxf Bull Econ Stat 66: 537–565

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Azuvedo JV, Koopman SJ, Rua A (2006) Tracking the business cycle of the Euro area: a multivariate model-based band-pass filter. J Bus Econ Stat 24: 278–290

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bengoechea P, Camacho M, Perez-Quiros G (2006) A useful tool for forecasting the Euro-area business cycle phases. Int J Forecast 22: 735–749

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boldin MD (1994) Dating turning points in the business cycle. J Bus 67: 97–131

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Breunig R, Najarian S, Pagan A (2003) Specification testing of Markov switching models. Oxf Bull Econ Stat 65: 703–725

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bry G., Boschan C (1971) Cyclical analysis of time series: selected procedures and computer programs. National Bureau of Economic Research, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Burns AF, Mitchell WC (1946) Measuring business cycles. National Bureau of Economic Research, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooley TF, Prescott EC (1995) Economic growth and business cycles. In: Cooley TF, Prescott EC(eds) Frontiers of business cycle research. Princeton University Press, Princeton, pp 1–38

    Google Scholar 

  • Davies RB (1977) Hypothesis testing when a nuisance parameter is present only under the alternative. Biometrika 64: 247–254

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davies RB (1987) Hypothesis testing when a nuisance parameter is present only under the alternative. Biometrika 74: 33–43

    Google Scholar 

  • Denis C, McMorrow K, Röger W (2002) Production function approach to calculating potential growth and output gaps—estimates for the EU member States and the US. European Commission Economic Papers 176

  • Diebold FX, Rudebusch GD (1996) Measuring business cycles: a modern perspective. Rev Econ Stat 78: 67–77

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Doornik JA (2002) Object-oriented matrix programming using Ox. http://www.doornik.com

  • Döpke J (2004) Real-time data and business cycle analysis in Germany. J Bus Cycle Meas Anal 1: 337–361

    Google Scholar 

  • Fritsche U, Kouzine V (2005) Prediction of business cycle turning points in Germany. Jahrb für Nationalökonomie und Stat 225: 22–43

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton JD (1989) A new approach to the economic analysis of nonstationary time series and the business cycle. Econometrica 57: 357–384

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton JD (2003) Comment on a comparison of two business cycle dating methods. J Econ Dyn Control 27: 1691–1693

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton JD, Raj B (2002) New directions in business cycle research and financial analysis. Empir Econ 27: 149–162

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hansen BE (1992) The likelihood ratio test under nonstandard conditions: testing the Markov switching model of GNP. J Appl Econom 7: S61–82

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hansen BE (1996) Erratum: the likelihood ratio test under nonstandard conditions: testing the Markov switching model of GNP. J Appl Econom 11: 195–98

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harding D, Pagan A (2000) Knowing the cycle. In: Backhouse RE, Salanti A(eds) Macroeconomics in the real world. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 23–41

    Google Scholar 

  • Harding D, Pagan A (2002) Dissection the cycle: a methodological investigation. J Monet Econ 49: 365–381

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harding D, Pagan A (2003a) A comparison of two business cycle dating methods. J Econ Dyn Control 27: 1681–1690

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harding D, Pagan A (2003b) Rejoinder to James Hamilton. J Econ Dyn Control 27: 1695–1698

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harding D, Pagan A (2005) A suggested framework for classifying the modes of cycle research. J Appl Econom 20: 151–159

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harvey AC, Trimbur TM (2003) General model-based filters for extracting cycles and trends in economic time series. Rev Econ Stat 85: 244–255

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kholodilin KA (2005) Forecasting the turns of German business cycle: dynamic bi-factor model with Markov switching. Jahrb für Nationalökonomie und Stat 225: 653–674

    Google Scholar 

  • Kholodilin KA, Yao VW (2005) Measuring and predicting turning points using a dynamic bi-factor model. Int J Forecast 21: 525–537

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Krolzig HM (1997) Markov-switching vector autoregressions: modelling, statistical inference, and application to business cycle analysis. Springer, Berlin

    Google Scholar 

  • Krolzig HM (2005) MSVAR package for Ox. http://www.krolzig.co.uk

  • Mariano RS, Murasawa Y (2003) A new coincident index of business cycles based on monthly and quarterly series. J Appl Econom 18: 427–443

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Potter SM (1995) A nonlinear approach to US GNP. J Appl Econom 10: 109–125

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Romer D (2006) Advanced macroeconomics, 3rd edn. McGraw-Hill, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Sichel DE (1994) Inventories and the three phases of the business cycle. J Bus Econ Stat 12: 269–77

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stock JH, Watson MW (1989) New indexes of coincident and leading economic indicators. In: Blanchard OJ, Fischer S(eds) NBER macroeconomics annual. MIT Press, Cambridge/London, pp 351–394

    Google Scholar 

  • Teräsvirta T, Anderson HM (1992) Characterizing nonlinearities in business cycles using smooth transition autoregressive models. J Appl Econom 7: 119–136

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Beate Schirwitz.

Additional information

I gratefully acknowledge comments and suggestions from Klaus Wälde and two anonymous referees. I also benefited from comments by Klaus-Jürgen Gern and the participants of a workshop in Dresden and a seminar in Würzburg.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Schirwitz, B. A comprehensive German business cycle chronology. Empir Econ 37, 287–301 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00181-008-0233-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00181-008-0233-y

Keywords

JEL Classification

Navigation